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Digestive System And Nutrition > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

The alimentary canal extends from the _____ to the _____.

A

Mouth

Anus

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2
Q

What is the inner most layer of the alimentary canal?

A

The mucosa or mucus membrane

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3
Q

What does the mucosa do?

A

Protects the tissue beneath it
Carries on secretion and absorption
Secretes mucus and digestive enzymes

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4
Q

What does the submucosa consist of?

A

Glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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5
Q

What does the submucosa do?

A

Nourishes surrounding tissue and carries away absorbed materials

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6
Q

What does the muscular layer do?

A

Produces movement of the tube

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7
Q

What happens when smooth muscles contract?

A

The tube diameter decreases

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8
Q

What is the outer covering of the tube?

A

The serosa or serous layer

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9
Q

What does the Serosa do?

A

Secretes serous fluid which moistens and lubricates the tube’s outer surface

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10
Q

What does serous fluid do?

A

Moistens and lubricates the outer surface of the tube

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11
Q

What are the two types of motor functions?

A

Mixing and propelling movements

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12
Q

When do mixing movements occur?

A

When the stomach is full and waves of muscular contractions move along the wall from end to end, mixing food with digestive juices

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13
Q

What do the waves of mixing movements do?

A

Mix food with digestive juices

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14
Q

What do propelling movements including?

A

A wavelike motion called peristalsis

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15
Q

How does peristalsis occur?

A

A ring of muscular contractions appears in the wall which push food down the tube

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16
Q

What are the parts of the mouth?

A

The lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate

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17
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A

The chamber between the palate and tongue

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18
Q

What does the palate form?

A

The roof of the mouth of the oral cavity

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19
Q

Where are palatine tonsils located?

A

In the back of the mouth on either side of the tongue

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20
Q

What are palatine tonsils?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue which are found on either side of the tongue in the back of the mouth

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21
Q

What is the purpose of palatine tonsils? However…..?

A

To protect against infection

They are a common site of infections, and when swollen they can interfere with swallowing and breatning

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22
Q

Explain the parts in cavities in teeth.

A

Blood vessels and nerves reach this cavity through tubular root canals extending into the root

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23
Q

What does saliva do?

A

Moistens food particles, helps bind them, dissolves food so that it can be tasted, and begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates

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24
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

An enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides

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25
Q

Salivary amylase splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides. What is this?

A

The first step in the digestion of carbohydrates

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26
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A

The tongue rolls the mixture of the food and saliva into a bolus and forces it into the pharynx
Food is swallowed by a reflex
Food is transported in the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis

27
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

The cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions

28
Q

What is the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

The small area near the esophageal opening

29
Q

What is the fundic region of the stomach?

A

A temporary storage area

30
Q

What is the body region of the stomach?

A

The main part of the stomach which lies between the fundic and pyloric regions

31
Q

What do gastric glands in the stomach secrete?

A

3 types of gastric cells: chief cells, parietal cells, and mucus cells

32
Q

What do chief cells secrete? Parietal cells?

A

Digestive enzymes

Hydrochloride acid

33
Q

Gastric cells along with what secrete ______

A

2 other types of cells

Gastric juices

34
Q

What is the most important gastric juice and what does it do?

A

Pepsin begins the digestion of all types of proteins.

35
Q

How long may fatty foods remain in the stomach?

A

From 3-6 hours

36
Q

What passes through the stomach faster than fatty foods? Fastest?

A

Proteins

Carbs

37
Q

Where does the sensory impulse for vomiting travel from?

A

From the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata in the brain

38
Q

When can a hiatal hernia form?

A

When a portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm

39
Q

What is secretin?

A

A hormone which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

40
Q

What are 5 functions of the liver?

A 
Converting noncarbohydrates to glucose 
Metabolizing proteins
Storing vitamins A, D, and B12
Filtering blood by removing damaged blood cells
Secreting bile
41
Q

What is bile?

A

A yellowing liquid that contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes

42
Q

What are bile salts?

A

The most abundant substances in bile which aid in digestion by emulsifying fat

43
Q

What is jaundice?

A

A condition that turns skin yellow due to a buildup of bile pigments

44
Q

How can Hepatitis B spread?

A

By contact with virus-containing body fluids such as blood, saliva, or semen

45
Q

Through what can Hepatitis B spread?

A

By blood transfusions, needles, or sexual activity

46
Q

What are half of all hepatitis cases?

A

Hepatitis C

47
Q

How is Hepatitis primarily spread?

A

In blood, by sharing needles, razors, blood transfusions

Females can give it to the fetus

48
Q

What is the major mixing movement of the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

49
Q

What is segmentation? What does it do?

A

When small, ring like contractions occur periodically, cutting chyme into segments
Slows the movement through the small intestines

50
Q

When does the condition of malabsorption occur?

A

When the small intestine digests but does not absorb some nutrients

51
Q

What are symptoms of malabsorption?

A

Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies

52
Q

What does the large intestine absorb from chyme? Where does this occur?

A

Water and electrolytes

In the proximal half of the tube

53
Q

What does the large intestine do in the distal part of the tube?

A

Forms and stores feces

54
Q

What does the large intestine consist of?

A

The cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

55
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column that cause itching, sharp pain, and sometimes bleeding

56
Q

What are feces?

A

Materials that were not digested or absorbed, plus water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria

57
Q

How much of feces is water? Where does the coloring come from?

A

75%

From bile pigments altered by bacterial action

58
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A

The Alimentary canal, which extends from the mouth to the anus, and several accessory organs, which secrete substances used in the process of digestion

59
Q

4 Types of teeth:

A

Central and lateral Incisors, canine (cuspid), premolar (bicuspid) 1st and 2nd, and molar 1st, 2nd, and 3rd

60
Q

Number of teeth:

A

4 of each except premolar and third molar in primary teeth

61
Q

What do incisors do? Canines? Premolar? Molar?

A

Bite off pieces of food
Grasp and tear food
Grind food particles
Grind food particles

62
Q

How do gallstones form?

A

Cholesterol in bile precipitates and forms crystals called gallstones

63
Q

What is bad about gallstones?

A

They may enter the common bile duct and block bike flow into the small intestine and cause considerable pain

64
Q

What is a cholecystectomy?

A

A surgery in which the gallbladder is removed bcs of gallstones
It can be done with a laparoscope or small little probe on an outpatient

Digestive System And Nutrition (1 decks)

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