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1
Q

Define health psychology

A

Scientific study of human mind and its functions, as well as processes in health, illness and health care. It is an interdisciplinary field application of psychological knowledge and techniques to health, illness and health care

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2
Q

Define healthy

A

Physically and mentally in balance. Content with who you are physically, emotionally and spiritually.

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3
Q

What are the stages in the Biomedical Model of Health?

A

Normal state + disease/trauma > disabled state > intervention > normal state

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4
Q

What is the Biopsychosocial Model of Health?

A

Incorporating social, biomedical and psychological factors when determining health

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5
Q

Name two reasons for applying models

A

~ To theoretically understand the considered area

~ To plan interventions

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6
Q

Explain the Health Belief Model.

A

The likelihood of engaging in a behaviour is dependent on:
~ Age, sex, ethnicity etc.
~ Perceived susceptibility and severity.
~ Perceived threat (dependent on cues to action)
~ Perceived benefits minus perceived barriers

Which all in turn is dependent on self-efficacy

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7
Q

Define psychology

A

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions (especially behaviour related)

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8
Q

What is the Protection Motivation Theory?

A

It describes adaptive and maladaptive coping due to a health threat as a result of:
~ Threat appraisal (intrinsic/extrinsic rewards - severity, vulnerability and fear)
~ Coping appraisal (response/self-efficacy)

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9
Q

Describe the Theory of Reasoned Action

A

The belief that a person’s intention to perform a health behaviour is shaped by personal beliefs and social influences

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10
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

An extension to the Theory of Reasoned Action, including controlled beliefs, power and perceived control

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11
Q

What are the stages in the Stages of Change Model?

A

Pre-contemplation > contemplation > determination/preparation > action > maintenance > relapse/recycle

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12
Q

What is the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)?

A

An attempt to fill the “intention-behaviour gap”, highlighting the role of self-efficacy and action plans

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13
Q

What is required to change health related behaviours?

A

Motivation and volition. Self-regulation also plays a critical role

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14
Q

Define eustress

A

Adjustment from positive events

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15
Q

Define distress

A

Adjustment from negative events

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16
Q

What does stress as a stimulus do?

A

Make a person aroused. It requires adapting/adjusting

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17
Q

What is stress as a response?

A

A reaction to stress. Can be physical (sweating, increase pulse etc) or psychological (emotions, behaviours and thoughts).

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18
Q

What does stress increase the likelihood of?

A

Unhealthy behaviour patterns.

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19
Q

Name two types of moderators of stress.

A

~ Intrapersonal (behavioural, cognitive, decisional, informational and personal control)
~ Extrapersonal (environment, people, dogs, material things and social support)

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20
Q

What are the two aspects of the Locus of Control?

A

~ External - control of events is outside individual’s influence
~ Internal - individual has control of events

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21
Q

What are the three C’s of hardiness?

A

~ Commitment (important to stay, withdrawal is a waste of time)
~ Control (passivity is bad. Always wanting to influence outcomes)
~ Challenge (stress is a natural part of life and an opportunity to grow)

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22
Q

What is a biotype?

A

A personality type specifically associated with an illness or a disease (eg alcoholic)

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23
Q

Define a disease-prone personality.

A

They have a predisposition to become ill due to ineffective coping styles

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24
Q

What are four social support types?

A

~ Emotional (empathy, care, trust)
~ Esteem/appraisal (transmission of relevant information for self-evaluation)
~ Informational (knowledge and information relevant to managing a stressor)
~ Instrumental/tangible (material and practical assistance)

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25
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

Non-confrontational. For people reluctant to change

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26
Q

What does CBT do?

A

Asses thoughts, emotions and behaviours at once.

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27
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A type of behaviour modification through reinforcement (both positive and negative). Leads to extinction of behaviour by not reinforcing it.

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28
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A progressive hierarchy of feared objects.

  1. Exposure is imagined
  2. In vivo
  3. Virtual reality
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29
Q

What is cognitive therapy based on?

A

That thoughts are central to regulation of behaviour. It intends to teach the individual that beliefs are hypothesis and not facts

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30
Q

How are thoughts structured?

A

They are automatic and distorted. It is important to be aware of this and challenge one’s own thoughts.

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31
Q

Cognitive distortions: define All or nothing

A

Viewing the situation in black and white terms.

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32
Q

Cognitive distortions: define selective abstraction

A

Focusing on negative details rather than the whole picture

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33
Q

Cognitive distortions: define overgeneralisation

A

Making sweeping negative conclusion, beyond the situation setting.

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34
Q

Cognitive distortions: define fortune telling

A

Predicting the future or recent past negatively. Catastrophising without basis

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35
Q

Cognitive distortions: define magnifying/minimising

A

Making a situation worse in your mind and underestimating your own strengths

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36
Q

Cognitive distortions: define labelling

A

Putting a fixed, overgeneralised label on oneself and others based on a few behaviours.

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37
Q

Cognitive distortions: define emotional reasoning

A

Thinking something is true because one believes in it strongly

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38
Q

Cognitive distortions: define mind reading

A

Belief to know others’ thoughts and views of a situation

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39
Q

Cognitive distortions: define personalisation

A

The belief that others’ behaviour is based on what oneself has done

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40
Q

Cognitive distortions: define should’s and shouldn’ts

A

Precise and fixed notion of how one self and others should(‘ve) behave(d)

41
Q

Name six social determinants of health

A 
~ Education
~ Employment
~ Gender
~ Cultural background 
~ Support networks
~ The social, economic and political climate of the country
42
Q

What factors does a holistic approach to development involve?

A

~ Physical
~ Social
~ Emotional
~ Cognitive

43
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial stages: explain the stages in infancy and childhood and health issues

A
  1. (0-1 year) - trust/mistrust
  2. (1-3 years) - autonomy/shame and doubt
  3. (3-5 years) - initiative/guilt
  4. (6-12 years) - industry/inferiority
    Health issues: immunisation, screening, instill good lifestyle patterns, attachment relationships
44
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial stages: explain what happens in adolescence

A

Move from concrete to formal operations. More abstract thinking, which leads to greater understanding of health promotion messages. Risk taking is more common (hormones, peer pressure, invincibility?)
Health issues: body image, sexual health and mental health. 18-23 year olds have the highest prevalence of mental illnesses.

45
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial stages: what happens in adulthood?

A

29-34 years - crisis of questions (what is the meaning of life?)
35-43 years - crisis of urgency (career success, meet life goals)
43-50 years - attaining stability (calmer acceptance of fate)
50+ years - mellowing

Partnered men are happier while partnered women have the highest depression rates. Men suffer more severely from breakups, while single women have lowest depression rates

46
Q

What are the two theories of successful ageing?

A

Disengagement (normal/desirable to withdraw from society)

Activity (essence of life. Remain physically, mentally and socially active)

47
Q

Define clinical pain

A

Requires medical treatment and is the most common reason for seeking it

48
Q

Define general pain

A

Involves total experience. Is influence by biological, psychological and sociobehavioural forces

49
Q

Define pain

A

Sensory, emotional and cognitive experiences from actual or perceived tissue damage or irritation

50
Q

Define acute pain

A

Sharp, stinging and short lived. Subsides within 3 months and responds to analgesics and treatment

51
Q

Define acute recurrent pain

A

Episodes of discomfort between pain free periods. Alerts us when something is wrong (ie migraine)

52
Q

Define pre-chronic pain

A

Acute pain that persists. Time is critical. May lead to a sense of helplessness.

53
Q

Define chronic pain

A

Continuous or intermittent, moderate or severe. Lasts longer than 3 months and may lead to depression or anxiety

54
Q

Define hyperalgesia

A

Becoming more sensitive to pain over time

55
Q

Define congenital analgesia

A

Inability to feel pain. Is dangerous, especially in children

56
Q

Define neuralgia

A

Sharp pain along nerve pathway. Not due to injury

57
Q

Define causalgia

A

Burning pain following severe wound. Not due to injury

58
Q

Define phantom limb pain

A

False pain in missing limb. It’s cause is unknown but happens to 64-85% of amputees

59
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

A nerve cell ending that initiates the sense of pain

60
Q

What are fast nerve A fibres?

A

Large and myelinated. They transmit fast, stinging pain

61
Q

What are slow nerve C fibres?

A

Small and unmyelinated. Carry dull and aching pain

62
Q

What happens in the somato sensory cortex?

A

Acute pain is projected here by A fibres

63
Q

What happens in the thalamus?

A

Chronic pain is projected here by C fibres

64
Q

Explain the Gate Control Theory

A

It is a neural gate in the substantia gelatinosa (where A and C fibres synapse and regulate experience of pain). C fibres “open” the gate to the brain, while A fibres “close” it. The brain can also close the gate (anxiety, fear, distraction)

65
Q

What is the pain perception threshold?

A

The point when a stimulus becomes painful. Varies little between individuals

66
Q

What is the severe pain threshold?

A

Point when pain becomes unbearable. Depends on psychosocial factors

67
Q

Name some pharmacological treatments for pain.

A

Mainly analgesics. Opioids (eg morphine), non-opioid (eg aspirins), surgery and counter-irritation (stimulate another part of the body)

68
Q

How is CBT used for pain?

A

Extensively. It challenges catastrophising and overgeneralising. Sets goals and increases self-efficacy.

69
Q

What are the five stages of Kübler-Ross’s Theory?

A
  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
70
Q

What are the three steps of the grief process?

A
  1. Avoidance/disbelief (too much to comprehend)
  2. Confrontation (how could it have been avoided?)
  3. Restoration (reorganising life tasks)
71
Q

Define health behaviour

A

A behaviour engaged in by healthy individuals to prevent illness and disease development

72
Q

Define illness behaviour

A

A behaviour engaged in by ill individuals to identify illness and asses recovery strategies

73
Q

Define sick role behaviour and the rights and responsibilities that accompany it

A

Response to being diagnosed with a disease or health condition.
Rights: exception from social duties and attribution of responsibility for acquiring illness.
Responsibilities: try to get well and seek + cooperate with medical help

74
Q

What do fear arousal campaigns do?

A

Scare people into buying items or engaging in/avoiding a behaviour. Eg pictures on cigarette packages

75
Q

What is the core of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

A

People learn from one another via observation, imitation and modelling

76
Q

What is the Social Model of Health?

A

Health is influenced by age, sex and constitutional factors, which in turn is affected by individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, living and working conditions and general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions.

77
Q

What are some aspects of indigenous health?

A

Indigenous people are generally less healthy, die younger, have more diseases, lower Quality of Life (QoL), lower incomes, higher unemployment rates and are less educated.

78
Q

What are some health aspects for rural Australians?

A

They have a lower economic advantage, more occupational risks, greater levels of smoking etc.

79
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: define attentional focus

A

Characteristic style of monitoring bodily symptoms. A strong internal focus makes it more likely to detect symptoms

80
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: define sensitisers/monitors

A

Coping with health problems by scanning body and environment for information. It is, however, not necessarily accurate

81
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: define repressors/blunters

A

Coping by distancing one self from stressful information (ie avoid screening)

82
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: what is the effect of one’s outlook on life?

A

People with a positive outlook on life will report fewer symptoms.

83
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: define schemas and name its five types

A

Things that influence one’s reaction to symptoms.

  1. Identify (label and symptoms. If certain symptoms are present, one may look for others)
  2. Causes (are they external or internal?)
  3. Timeline (is it acute or chronic?)
  4. Consequences (physical, social and economic. Ignore symptoms with less effect)
  5. Controllability (if it seems incurable the patient is more likely to miss appointments etc)
84
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: define mood

A

Influences perception. Anxiety and depression can lead to excessive focus on symptoms

85
Q

Factors that affect recognition and interpretation of symptoms: name a few aspects of socio-cultural factors

A

Prior experience and expectations.
Exaggerate expected symptoms or ignore unexpected symptoms.
Socio-economic status (higher status > fewer symptoms reported).
Gender and age (women are more likely to use health services.

86
Q

Delay in seeking treatment: meaning of appraisal factor?

A

Symptoms are not yet noticed

87
Q

Delay in seeking treatment: meaning of illness factor?

A

Sickness seems unlikely due to previous experience

88
Q

Delay in seeking treatment: meaning of behavioural factor?

A

Professional help seems unnecessary

89
Q

Delay in seeking treatment: meaning of scheduling factor?

A

Procrastinates in making appointment

90
Q

Delay in seeking treatment: meaning of treatment factor?i

A

Perceived benefits do not outweigh costs

91
Q

Define non-adherence

A

Individuals do not comply to or follow with treatment advice. Can be partial or complete

92
Q

Name a few reasons for non-adherence

A
  • Forgetting
  • Side effects of treatment
  • Alternative methods are considered better
  • Feeling better/worse
  • Education
  • Lifestyle
93
Q

Name a few factors that impact on the doctor-patient relationship

A
  • Doctor’s level of job satisfaction, communication style, patient’s satisfaction with doctor
  • Clinicians may find difficulties in conveying information about present serious illness (especially if it is related to sexual functions)
  • Jargon, use of closed questions or a hurried interview
94
Q

What are the four psychological determinants of health?

A

Personality, learning, affect, cognition

95
Q

The primary goals of psychological interventions in medical patients are to:

A

Reduce distress, improve disease management and reduce risk of future disease or disease progression

96
Q

What does the attribution model identify?

A

A person’s views as to the cause of their illness

97
Q

What are the two theories which may explain the benefits of social support?

A

Direct effects hypothesis and buffering hypothesis

98
Q

When may avoidant coping be beneficial to Quality of Life (QoL)?

A

In situations where the person cannot exert control

Psychology and Health (1 decks)

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