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Biology Unit 2 > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Differences between members of the same species

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2
Q

Sampling

A

Taking measurements of individuals selected from the population, which is representative of whole population

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3
Q

Problems with sampling

A

Sampling bias occurs in the selection process

Too small sample isn’t representative and could be unreliable

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4
Q

Examples of random sampling

A

Random number generator splitting into groups

Splitting area into a grid, then use random coordinates

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5
Q

Causes of variation

A

Mutations
Meiosis, due to all different chromosomes
Random fusion of gametes, could be any 2
Environmental reasons: temperature/ light intensity/ pH…

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6
Q

Discrete data, what type of variation?

A

Variation due to genetic factors, categories can only fit into a few distinct forms
Or categoric data
EG blood categories: Ab/ O…
Use a pie chart/ bar chart

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7
Q

Continuous data, what type of variation?

A

Variation due to environmental reasons, can have any value within the limits
EG height/ weight
Use a curve (normal distribution)

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8
Q

Mean

A

Average value
Max hight on normal curve
SUM (fx) / SUM (f)
Doesn’t include anomalous results

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9
Q

Standard deviation

A

Shows the variation from the mean.
A large standard deviation shows lots of variety
SQROOT((SUM (x-mean)^2) / (n))

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10
Q

Interspecific variation

A

One species differing from another species

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11
Q

Base pairings

A

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

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12
Q

Nucleotide contents

A 
Organic (nitrogen containing) base
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
(Hydrogen bond)
FORMED BY A CONDENSATION REACTION
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13
Q

DNA structure

A

Two sugar- phosphate backbones running antiparallel, forming a double helix

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14
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus preset
Chromosomes (23 human pairs) present
Large
Histomes present

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15
Q

DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

No nucleus
No chromosomes, just 1 molecule (circle of DNA)
Small
Histomes not present

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16
Q

Which bases are double ringed?

A

Adenine and guanine

17
Q

Which bases form how many hydrogen bonds?

A

Adenine and thymine = 2 hydrogen bonds

Guanine and cytosine = 3 hydrogen bonds

18
Q

3 bases=

A

An amino acid, or codon

Formed in protein synthesis (ribosomes)

19
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA wrapped round proteins (histomes)

20
Q

Chromatin

A

Nucleosomes that are folded and condensed

21
Q

Structure of DNA and how it is beneficial

A

Large –> keep immense amount of genetic info
Double helix –> so compact and bases protected
Hydrogen bonds –> easy to separate during DNA replication and strong and stable
Complementary bases –> identical copies can be made
Stable –> pass generation to generation

22
Q

Triplet code

A

Only 20 amino acids occur in a protein
Each is different so must have different genetic codes
If only 2 bases per amino acid, only 16 combinations possible
If 3 bases per amino acid, 64 combinations can be made, more than 20

23
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Chromosomes which code for the same genes but have different alleles. One chromosome from each parent

24
Q

Diploid cell number of chromosomes

A

Full number of chromosomes, in majority of cells

25
Q

Haploid cell number of chromosomes

A

Half the number of usual chromosomes, occurs in gametes, after meiosis

26
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene

27
Q

How a change in the base sequence results in a change of protein

A

Change in base = change in amino acid = different protein = non functional protein = change in active site = not complementary substrates = no E-S complexes

28
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Homologous pairs separate by spindle fibres

Crossing over can occur

29
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Chromatids separate from each other by the spindle fibres

Results in 4 different daughter cells all containing haploid number of chromosomes

30
Q

Meiosis uses

A

Forms gametes, which need to have half the nu,her of chromosomes for fusion of gametes, when the sperm and egg combine, the embryo needs a diploid number of chromosomes to be functional

31
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

32
Q

Independent assortment/ segregation

A

Homologous pairs line up randomly in meiosis, the ones that are passed onto the daughter cells is random

33
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromatids of each pair become twisted around each other, portions (genes) break off and re form with different parts of other chromosomes.

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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