All Flashcards
During the process of catabolism, what occurs?
- Large molecules are broken down
- ATP is converted to ADP
- ATP is produced
- Energy is used
Large molecules are broken down
Which statement best describes hypoxia?
- It is a low level of oxygen in the blood
- It is insufficient oxygen at the tissues or cells
- It always leads to cell death
- It prevents anaerobic metabolism
Insufficient oxygen at the tissues or cells
Which of these is NOT a main cause of swelling during acute inflammation?
Vasoconstriction
The main differences between short-term and long-term stress are that long-term stress:
- Has significant links to disease, but short-term stress does not
- Is mainly mediated by cortisol, but short-term stress is not.
- Is mainly mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, but short-term stress is not
1 & 2 only
Which of the following regarding apoptosis and necrosis is correctly described?
- Necrosis causes inflammation
- Necrosis requires the suicide genes
- Apoptosis does not require ATP
- Apoptosis causes nearby cells to undergo apoptosis
Necrosis causes inflammation
Cardiac contractility may be increased by mechanisms such as:
- Increasing intracellular calcium in the heart muscle cells
- The effects of adrenaline on beta1-receptors on the heart
- The effects of the drug digoxin
1,2 & 3
When adrenaline binds to beta2-receptors, it causes
- Increased force of contraction of the heart
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
- Bronchoconstriction
Vasodilation
During exercise, all of these will occurs EXCEPT
- Increased afterload
- Increased heart rate
- Coronary vasodilation
- Increased venous return
Increased afterload
Which of the following regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is correct?
- Renin is secreted in response to a high blood volume
- Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption
- Angiotensin 1 is produced by angiotensin converting enzyme
- Angiotensinogen is produced by the kidney
Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption
Macrophages worsen atherosclerosis, because they
- Cause endothelial cell dysfunction
- Prevent smooth muscle cell growth
- Form an embolus
- Become foam cells
Become foam cells
Give a description of angina pectoris
It consists of chest pain
Why is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activated with heart failure?
- Due to kidney damage
- Due to insufficient clod flow to the kidneys
- Due to insufficient blood volume
- Die to angiotensin converting enzyme being inactive
Due to insufficient blood flow to the kidneys
The options for management of heart failure usually include
- Digoxin to increase cardiac contractility
- Avoiding all exercise, to avoid straining the heart
- Ensuring sodium intake is kept high
- Correctly matched blood transfusions to keep blood volume adequately high
Digoxin to increase cardiac contractility
Heart cells suffer from 30 minutes of ischemia will:
- Use aerobic instead of anaerobic metabolism
- Have insufficient ATP
- Release cardiac troponins
- Undergo necrosis
2, 3 & 4 only
How does failure of one side of the heart lead to failure of the other side of the heart?
The backward effects of left sided failure lead to the right sided failure
Glucose uptake into muscle cells involves
The transport of glucose through GLUT4 transporters in the cell membrane
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation seen early in type 1 diabetes mellitus? (Polyuria, glycosuria, polydipsia, neuropathy)
Neuropathy
If a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus suffers from hypoglycemia, this is most likely due to
Excessive insulin medication
What is glycated haemoglobin?
An indicator of the blood glucose level in the past 120 days
What dietary choices should patients with diabetes mellitus follow?
Both type 1 and type 2 should eat complex carbohydrates
The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus:
- Is important to delay the development of long-term complications
- Involves good glycaemic control
- Involves monitoring of glycated haemoglobin
- Involves limiting saturated fat, simple carbohydrates and alcohol intake
1, 2, 3 & 4
Which of the following regarding diabetes mellitus is true? (Those with type 1 only suffer from acute rather than chronic complications. Type 1 & 2 diabetes may suffer from either acute of chronic complications. Gangrene arising from peripheral vascular disease is usually reversible. Hypoglycaemia May result in coma; hyperglycaemia cannot result in coma)
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes may suffer from either acute or chronic complications
Which of the following regarding leptin is correct?
- Adipose cells secrete leptin
- Leptin stimulates appetite
- High numbers of adipose cells prevent leptin secretion
- Leptin has a similar role to ghrelin
Adipose cells secrete leptin
Combining BMI and waist circumference measurements indicates long-term health risks of obesity, because
- Peripheral fat is the best indicator of health risk
- Ganoid obesity is the best predictor of obesity-related health risks
- Visceral abdominal fat is the best predictor of obesity-related health risks
- BMI gives the best indication of the location of body fat
Visceral abdominal fat is the best predictor of obesity-related health risks
Increased abdominal fat causes which hormonal abnormality?
- Decreased cortisol
- Insulin resistance
- Increased testosterone in men
- Increased progesterone in women
Insulin resistance
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with obesity? (Prostate and breast cancers. Dyslipidaemia. Insulin resistance. Hypotension)
Hypotension
Why is the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome useful?
- It allows elevated HDL to be related to waist circumference
- It can indicate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
- It allows the waist circumference and height to be related to each other
- It can indicate if someone has the genes for metabolic syndrome
It can indicate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
Which of these is associated with an increased risk of cancer?
- Increased oncogene activity
- Increased p53 activity
- Increased proto-oncogene activity
1 only
The development of cancer usually involves
- An increase in the activity of p53 tumor suppressor gene
- Only one genetic or cellular process becoming abnormal
- Angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels
- An increase in apoptosis of cancerous cells
Angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels
Chemotherapy targets the cancer cells because
- The cancer is enclosed in a capsule
- The cancer cells are rapidly dividing
- Healthy body cells are immune to chemotherapy drugs
- Healthy body cells are too strong to be affect by chemotherapy drugs
The cancer cells are rapidly dividing
Which of these is NOT likely in cancer? (Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, infection, polycythaemia)
Polycythaemia (abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood)
To decrease the risk of cancer, it is important to
- Maintain a BMI above 30
- Increase intake of alcohol to 2 drinks per day
- Avoid ionizing radiation
- Avoid strenuous physical activity
Avoid ionizing radiation
Damage to genes might not result in cancer. Which of the following provide explanations for this?
- DNA repair has occurred
- p53 has become inactive
- Apoptosis has occurred
1 & 3
How does chronic inflammation increase the risk of cancer?
Chronic inflammation–>Release of 1–>Production of prostaglandins is 2–>Increased risk of cancer
1-COX ; 2-increased
Jane is a cancer patient who suffers from cachexia and anorexia. What are the correct definitions of those terms?
Cachexia - severe tissue wasting
Anorexia - loss of appetite
A carcinoma is: (cancer of skin or epithelial tissue/a benign growth/another name for an adenoma/a malignant growth that has become benign)
Cancer of skin or epithelial tissue
Which of these is NOT a main risk factor for developing cancer? (Smoking/myocardial ischaemia/chronic inflammation/obesity)
Myocardial ischaemia
Which of the following regarding cancers in Australia is true?
- Indigenous Australians have higher rates of all cancers than non-Indigenous Australians
- More females die of breast cancer than heart disease
- More Australians die of prostate cancer than breast cancer
- Australia has national screening programs for colorectal cancer and gastric cancer
More Australians die of prostate cancer than breast cancer
The components of the immune system which mainly contribute to the removal of cancer cells include…
- Natural killer cells causing lysis of cancer cells
- The first line of defense forming a capsule around cancer cells
- The haemocytoblast destroying (blasting) cancer cells
- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroying B lymphocytes
Natural killer cells causing lysis of cancer cells
Which of these is/are necessary for the production of normal cells during erythropoiesis?
- Iron
- Vitamin B12
- Folic acid
1, 2 & 3
If a patient has B+ blood and needs a blood transfusion, which of the following blood types is/are safe to receive?
- B-
- O+
- O-
1, 2 & 3
Which of these terms associated with hematology is correctly described?
- Erythropoiesis- production of white blood cells
- Haematocrit- proportion of the blood that is plasma
- Haemocytoblast- stem cell for producing WBC and RBC
- Thrombocytes- another name for the fibrin mesh
Haemocytoblast- stem cell for producing WBC & RBC
Which of the following is NOT usually associated with leukemia?
- High number of WBC
- Enhanced protection from viruses and bacteria
- Thrombocytopenia
- Anaemia
Enhanced protection from viruses and bacteria
1 detected by 2 -> erythropoietin is secreted by 3 -> RBC are produced by 4
1-hypoxia
2-kidney
3-kidney
4-bone marrow
Which of the following is NOT associated with lymphoma?
- High number of WBC
- Recurrent fevers
- Enlargement of lymph nodes
- Most common childhood cancer
Most common childhood cancer
Which of the following regarding lymphoma is/are correct?
- Lymphoma is excessive production of abnormal lymphocytes
- It is characterized by lymphadenopathy
- It mainly affects those over age 50
1, 2 & 3
Aspirin is commonly used for patients at risk of cardiovascular disease, because it
- Thins the blood to increase cardiac output
- Inhibits platelet plug formation
- Increases fibrinolysis
- Inhibits the production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
Inhibits platelet plug formation
Which of the following about heparin is correct?
- It is released from intact endothelial cells
- It inactivates clotting factors
- It inhibits the production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
1 & 2 only
The process of blood coagulation requires all of these EXCEPT:
(Calcium/factor x/fibrinogen/clotting factors produced by the kidney)
Clotting factors produced by the kidney