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GI Anatomy > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

What joints are responsible for mastication and where are these?

A

TMJs (synovial joints) fond between mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone and head of condylar process of mandible)

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2
Q

Name the muscles of mastication.

A

Masseter temporalis and medial pterygoid for closing, lateral pterygoid for opening

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3
Q

What muscle prevents drooling?

A

Orbicularis oris

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4
Q

What type of epithelium covers the mucosa or the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous

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5
Q

Where in the oral cavity has surface keratin?

A

gingivae and hard palate

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6
Q

What is the tongue made of and what are the 4 types of papillae?

A

Skeletal muscle. Foliate, vallate, fungiform and filiform

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7
Q

Which type of papillae is for touch/temperature?

A

filiform

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8
Q

What is the buccinator?

A

muscle of the cheek

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9
Q

What are the 3 main pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotd, submandibular and sublingual

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10
Q

What is the pharynx lined with?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa

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11
Q

Is the muscle of the pharynx voluntary or non voluntary?

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

What do the tonsils produce?

A

white blood cells

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13
Q

What does the Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils do?

A

Defend against pathogens

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14
Q

Which walls of the pharynx contain skeletal muscles involved in swallowing?

A

posterior and lateral

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15
Q

What do the uvula and epiglottis do?

A

Guide the bolus away from the midline laryngeal inlet

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16
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

Opening into the larynx for air

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17
Q

What type of mucosa lines the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous

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18
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

trigeminal

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19
Q

Which nerve supplies the function of specialised taste and general sensation?

A

CNIX

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20
Q

What nerve supplies taste only?

A

CNVII

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21
Q

Which nerve supplies general sensation only?

A

CNV3

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22
Q

Which nerve supplies the general sensation on gingiva of superior half of oral cavity and palate?

A

CNV2

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23
Q

What is the chordi tympani a branch of?

A

CNV2

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24
Q

WHat are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, genioglossus

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25
Q

What supplies these?

A

CNXII

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26
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the CNS?

A

Medulla

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27
Q

Which nerve is responsible for innervating the posterior wall of the oropharynx?

A

CNIX

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28
Q

Which nerves are involved in the gag reflex

A

CNIX and CNX

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29
Q

Are the muscles involved in swallowing skeletal or smooth?

A

swallowing

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30
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus?

A

A complete circle of skeletal muscle at C6

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31
Q

Where are the vagal trunks and sympathetic nerve fibres contained?

A

Oesophageal plexus

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32
Q

What are the 3 constrictions in the oesophagus and what causes them?

A

Cervical (cricopharyngeus muscle)
Thoracic (arch of aorta and left main bronchus)
Diaphragmatic (lower oesophageal sphincter passing through diaphragm)

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33
Q

Is the lower oesophageal sphincter an anatomical or physiological sphincter?

A

physiological

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34
Q

What does the lower oesophageal sphincter do?

A

Reduces occurence of reflux

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35
Q

What is the 2 line mark?

A

The abrupt change in mucosa from oesophageal to gastric

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36
Q

What are the gastric folds called?

A

rugae

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37
Q

What is the incisura angularis?

A

marker for junction between body and pyloric antrum

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38
Q

What is the incisuria angularis a useful marker for?

A

Endoscopists

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39
Q

Which is superior, the lesser or greater omentum?

A

lesser

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40
Q

What type of structures are the kidneys, adrenal gland and pancreas? (In terms of position)

A

retroperitoneal

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41
Q

State the order of the parts of the colon.

A

Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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42
Q

When the abdominal wall muscles contract what occurs?

A

guarding e.g. in peritonitis

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43
Q

Is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

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44
Q

Give examples of organs which are retroperitoneal.

A

Pancreas and kidneys

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45
Q

Which organs have a mesentery?

A

parts of intestines

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46
Q

Which ligament is between the liver and anterior abdominal wall?

A

falciform

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47
Q

Where does the portal triad lie?

A

free edge of lesser omentum

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48
Q

Through what do the greater sac and lesser sac communicate?

A

omental foramen

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49
Q

What is the pouch of Douglas?

A

rectouterine pouch

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50
Q

What type of pain is GI obstruction normally?

A

colicky

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51
Q

Where is pain organs of foregut felt?

A

Epigastric region

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52
Q

Where is pain in midgut organs felt?

A

Umbilical

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53
Q

Where is appendicitis pain felt and what is its character?

A

Dull in umbilical region and then sharp pain in right iliac fossa

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54
Q

Where does breakdown of red blood cells occur?

A

spleen

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55
Q

What is bilirubin the by product of?

A

red blood cell breakdown

56
Q

Where are both bile and digestive enzymes sent to?

A

2nd part of duodenum

57
Q

What is bile necessary for?

A

normal fat absorption from small intestine

58
Q

What does the portal triad consist of?

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct

59
Q

What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

60
Q

What 3 branches does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?

A

hepatic, left gastric and splenic artery

61
Q

Which ribs protect the spleen?

A

9-11

62
Q

Which arteries supplying the stomach run across the lesser curvature?

A

left and right gastric arteries

63
Q

Which arteries supplying the stomach run across the greater curvature?

A

left and right gastro-omental arteries

64
Q

How many hepatic veins drain deoxygenated blood from the liver into the IVC?

A

3

65
Q

What can the lack of valves in the IVC and hepatic veins lead to if there is a rise in central venous pressure?

A

hepatomegaly

66
Q

By which vessels does the lver have a dual blood supply?

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

67
Q

What does the interlobular portal triad consist of?

A

branch of hepatic portal vein, branch of hepatic artery, biliary duct

68
Q

What are the 4 anatomical lobes of the liver?

A

right, left, caudate and quadrate

69
Q

Which anatomical lobes of the liver are visiblie from posterior?

A

caudate and quadrate

70
Q

What can peritonitis result in?

A

abscess caused by collection of pus

71
Q

What is the recess between the lungs and liver called?

A

subphrenic

72
Q

What is the recess between the liver and kidneys called?

A

hepatorenal (Morison’s Pouch)

73
Q

Which ligaments attach liver to diaphragm?

A

coronary ligaments

74
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

drain blood from all structures to liver for cleaning/first pass metabolism

75
Q

What drains blood from the foregut organs to the hepatic portal vein?

A

splenic

76
Q

What drains blood from hingut to splenic vein?

A

inferior mesenteric

77
Q

What drains blood from midgut to hepatic portal vei?

A

superior mesenteric

78
Q

Where does the IVC take the cleaned blood from the hepatic veins to?

A

right atrium

79
Q

What supplies the gall bladder?

A

cystic artery

80
Q

How does bile flow into and out of the gall bladder?

A

cystic duct

81
Q

What does the gall bladder lie posterior to?

A

liver

82
Q

What is the neck of the gallbladder where it narrows into the cystic duct a potential site for?

A

gall stones

83
Q

Where do gall bladder visceral afferents enter the spinal cord?

A

between T6 and T9

84
Q

Where may gall bladder pain radiate?

A

shoulder

85
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

increased bilirubin levels in blood

86
Q

What does the central vein do?

A

collect blood, clean and drain it into hepatic veins

87
Q

What does the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct form?

A

common bile duct

88
Q

Through what structure do the bile and pancreatic ducts drain into the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

major duodenal papilla

89
Q

What are anatomical sphincters?

A

where muscle completely encircles lumen of tract

90
Q

What is the ampulla of Vater?

A

widened part of joint bile and and pancreatic duct before major duodenal papilla

91
Q

Where is the ucinate process of the head of the pancreas?

A

posterior to superior mesenteric vessels

92
Q

What cell is involved in exocrine hormone production in liver?

A

acinar

93
Q

What is involved in endocrine hormone production in the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

94
Q

What can blockage of the ampulla in pancreas cause?

A

pancreatitis

95
Q

How many parts are there to the duodenum?

A

4

96
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter control?

A

Flow of chyme

97
Q

What is the duodenal cap?

A

initial section of the 1st part of duodenum

98
Q

Give examples of hormones that the duodenum secretes into the blood.

A

gastrin, cck

99
Q

What is the mucosa of the proximal jejenum like?

A

highly folded

100
Q

What are lacteals?

A

specialised lymph vessels of small instestine which absorb fats from intestinal cells

101
Q

What is the right venous angle?

A

angle between right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

102
Q

What is the left venous angle?

A

angle between left subclavian and left internal jugular veins

103
Q

Where does lymph eventually drain back into?

A

venous system

104
Q

What are paracolic gutters?

A

part of greater sac of peritoneal cavity, potential sites for pus collection

105
Q

Where are the 2 paracolic gutters?

A

Between lateral edge of ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall

106
Q

What are haustra in the colon formed by?

A

contraction of teniae coli

107
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle running from ceacum to distal end of sigmoid colon

108
Q

Where is the appendiceal orifice?

A

wall of caecum

109
Q

What valve and orifice is superior to the appendiceal orifice?

A

ileocaecal

110
Q

What does the sigmoid mesentery give the sigmoid?

A

degree of motility

111
Q

What is it called when the sigmoid twists on itself?

A

sigmoid volvulus

112
Q

What is the arterial anastomose between the SMA and IMA?

A

marginal artery of Drummond

113
Q

What do arterial anastamoses help prevent?

A

ischaemia by providing an alternative route by which blood can travel

114
Q

Where does the hindgut extend to inferiorly?

A

proximal half of anal canal

115
Q

What are varices?

A

abnormal dilated veins

116
Q

How might varices cause haematemesis?

A

thin walls, potential to repture

117
Q

Where is blood diverted during portal hypertension and what can this cause?

A

collateral veins to systemic venous system, causes varicose veins

118
Q

What are the clinical presentations of portal hypertension?

A

caput medusae and oesophageal varices

119
Q

Where are the anus and anal canal?

A

perineum

120
Q

Where does the rectal ampulla lie?

A

superior to levator ani muscle

121
Q

Is the levator ani muscle usually tonically contracted or relaxed?

A

contracted

122
Q

What is the nerve going to the levator ani a branch of?

A

sacral plexus

123
Q

Which part of the levator ani muscle is very important for faecal continence?

A

puborectalis muscle (skeletal)

124
Q

Which, the internal or external anal sphincter, is skeletal muscle?

A

external

125
Q

Is the internal anal sphincter stimulated (CLOSED) by parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves?

A

sympathetic

126
Q

Which nerve stimulates (CLOSES) the external anal sphincter?

A

pudenal nerve

127
Q

What contract when the rectal ampulla distends?

A

external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle

128
Q

What nerves synapse the ganglia in the wall of the rectum and what do they do?

A

S2, S3 and S4, they inhibit internal anal sphincter (open it) and stimulate peristalsis

129
Q

Which sympathetic nerves stimulate contraction (closing) of internal anal canal and inhibit peristalsis?

A

those coming from T12-L2

130
Q

Fibres in which muscle could be torn during labour?

A

puborectalis or external anal sphincter

131
Q

What does the pectinate line mark the junction between?

A

part of embryo forming GI trract (endoderm) and part that formed the skin

132
Q

What are the main lymph vessels draining pelvic organs?

A

internal, external and common iliac

133
Q

Are rectal varices and haemorrhoids the same?

A

No, rectal varices are related to portal hypertension

134
Q

What cause haemorrhoids?

A

prolapse of the venous plexus which can occur with constipation, pregnancy etc

135
Q

Where are the ischioanal fossae and what are they filled with?

A

left and right of anal canal, filled with fat and loose connective tissue

136
Q

What is an infection in the ischianal fossa called?

A

ischioanal abscess

137
Q

What is a protoscopy?

A

viewing of the rectum

GI Anatomy (1 decks)

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