All Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What joints are responsible for mastication and where are these?
A
TMJs (synovial joints) fond between mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone and head of condylar process of mandible)
2
Q
Name the muscles of mastication.
A
Masseter temporalis and medial pterygoid for closing, lateral pterygoid for opening
3
Q
What muscle prevents drooling?
A
Orbicularis oris
4
Q
What type of epithelium covers the mucosa or the oral cavity?
A
stratified squamous
5
Q
Where in the oral cavity has surface keratin?
A
gingivae and hard palate
6
Q
What is the tongue made of and what are the 4 types of papillae?
A
Skeletal muscle. Foliate, vallate, fungiform and filiform
7
Q
Which type of papillae is for touch/temperature?
A
filiform
8
Q
What is the buccinator?
A
muscle of the cheek
9
Q
What are the 3 main pairs of salivary glands?
A
Parotd, submandibular and sublingual
10
Q
What is the pharynx lined with?
A
Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa
11
Q
Is the muscle of the pharynx voluntary or non voluntary?
A
Voluntary
12
Q
What do the tonsils produce?
A
white blood cells
13
Q
What does the Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils do?
A
Defend against pathogens
14
Q
Which walls of the pharynx contain skeletal muscles involved in swallowing?
A
posterior and lateral
15
Q
What do the uvula and epiglottis do?
A
Guide the bolus away from the midline laryngeal inlet
16
Q
What is the laryngeal inlet?
A
Opening into the larynx for air
17
Q
What type of mucosa lines the oesophagus?
A
stratified squamous
18
Q
What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
A
trigeminal
19
Q
Which nerve supplies the function of specialised taste and general sensation?
A
CNIX
20
Q
What nerve supplies taste only?
A
CNVII
21
Q
Which nerve supplies general sensation only?
A
CNV3
22
Q
Which nerve supplies the general sensation on gingiva of superior half of oral cavity and palate?
A
CNV2
23
Q
What is the chordi tympani a branch of?
A
CNV2
24
Q
WHat are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
A
Palatoglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, genioglossus
25
What supplies these?
CNXII
26
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the CNS?
Medulla
27
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the posterior wall of the oropharynx?
CNIX
28
Which nerves are involved in the gag reflex
CNIX and CNX
29
Are the muscles involved in swallowing skeletal or smooth?
swallowing
30
What is the cricopharyngeus?
A complete circle of skeletal muscle at C6
31
Where are the vagal trunks and sympathetic nerve fibres contained?
Oesophageal plexus
32
What are the 3 constrictions in the oesophagus and what causes them?
Cervical (cricopharyngeus muscle)
Thoracic (arch of aorta and left main bronchus)
Diaphragmatic (lower oesophageal sphincter passing through diaphragm)
33
Is the lower oesophageal sphincter an anatomical or physiological sphincter?
physiological
34
What does the lower oesophageal sphincter do?
Reduces occurence of reflux
35
What is the 2 line mark?
The abrupt change in mucosa from oesophageal to gastric
36
What are the gastric folds called?
rugae
37
What is the incisura angularis?
marker for junction between body and pyloric antrum
38
What is the incisuria angularis a useful marker for?
Endoscopists
39
Which is superior, the lesser or greater omentum?
lesser
40
What type of structures are the kidneys, adrenal gland and pancreas? (In terms of position)
retroperitoneal
41
State the order of the parts of the colon.
Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
42
When the abdominal wall muscles contract what occurs?
guarding e.g. in peritonitis
43
Is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
intraperitoneal
44
Give examples of organs which are retroperitoneal.
Pancreas and kidneys
45
Which organs have a mesentery?
parts of intestines
46
Which ligament is between the liver and anterior abdominal wall?
falciform
47
Where does the portal triad lie?
free edge of lesser omentum
48
Through what do the greater sac and lesser sac communicate?
omental foramen
49
What is the pouch of Douglas?
rectouterine pouch
50
What type of pain is GI obstruction normally?
colicky
51
Where is pain organs of foregut felt?
Epigastric region
52
Where is pain in midgut organs felt?
Umbilical
53
Where is appendicitis pain felt and what is its character?
Dull in umbilical region and then sharp pain in right iliac fossa
54
Where does breakdown of red blood cells occur?
spleen
55
What is bilirubin the by product of?
red blood cell breakdown
56
Where are both bile and digestive enzymes sent to?
2nd part of duodenum
57
What is bile necessary for?
normal fat absorption from small intestine
58
What does the portal triad consist of?
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct
59
What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?
coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
60
What 3 branches does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
hepatic, left gastric and splenic artery
61
Which ribs protect the spleen?
9-11
62
Which arteries supplying the stomach run across the lesser curvature?
left and right gastric arteries
63
Which arteries supplying the stomach run across the greater curvature?
left and right gastro-omental arteries
64
How many hepatic veins drain deoxygenated blood from the liver into the IVC?
3
65
What can the lack of valves in the IVC and hepatic veins lead to if there is a rise in central venous pressure?
hepatomegaly
66
By which vessels does the lver have a dual blood supply?
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein
67
What does the interlobular portal triad consist of?
branch of hepatic portal vein, branch of hepatic artery, biliary duct
68
What are the 4 anatomical lobes of the liver?
right, left, caudate and quadrate
69
Which anatomical lobes of the liver are visiblie from posterior?
caudate and quadrate
70
What can peritonitis result in?
abscess caused by collection of pus
71
What is the recess between the lungs and liver called?
subphrenic
72
What is the recess between the liver and kidneys called?
hepatorenal (Morison's Pouch)
73
Which ligaments attach liver to diaphragm?
coronary ligaments
74
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
drain blood from all structures to liver for cleaning/first pass metabolism
75
What drains blood from the foregut organs to the hepatic portal vein?
splenic
76
What drains blood from hingut to splenic vein?
inferior mesenteric
77
What drains blood from midgut to hepatic portal vei?
superior mesenteric
78
Where does the IVC take the cleaned blood from the hepatic veins to?
right atrium
79
What supplies the gall bladder?
cystic artery
80
How does bile flow into and out of the gall bladder?
cystic duct
81
What does the gall bladder lie posterior to?
liver
82
What is the neck of the gallbladder where it narrows into the cystic duct a potential site for?
gall stones
83
Where do gall bladder visceral afferents enter the spinal cord?
between T6 and T9
84
Where may gall bladder pain radiate?
shoulder
85
What causes jaundice?
increased bilirubin levels in blood
86
What does the central vein do?
collect blood, clean and drain it into hepatic veins
87
What does the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct form?
common bile duct
88
Through what structure do the bile and pancreatic ducts drain into the 2nd part of the duodenum?
major duodenal papilla
89
What are anatomical sphincters?
where muscle completely encircles lumen of tract
90
What is the ampulla of Vater?
widened part of joint bile and and pancreatic duct before major duodenal papilla
91
Where is the ucinate process of the head of the pancreas?
posterior to superior mesenteric vessels
92
What cell is involved in exocrine hormone production in liver?
acinar
93
What is involved in endocrine hormone production in the pancreas?
Islets of langerhans
94
What can blockage of the ampulla in pancreas cause?
pancreatitis
95
How many parts are there to the duodenum?
4
96
What does the pyloric sphincter control?
Flow of chyme
97
What is the duodenal cap?
initial section of the 1st part of duodenum
98
Give examples of hormones that the duodenum secretes into the blood.
gastrin, cck
99
What is the mucosa of the proximal jejenum like?
highly folded
100
What are lacteals?
specialised lymph vessels of small instestine which absorb fats from intestinal cells
101
What is the right venous angle?
angle between right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
102
What is the left venous angle?
angle between left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
103
Where does lymph eventually drain back into?
venous system
104
What are paracolic gutters?
part of greater sac of peritoneal cavity, potential sites for pus collection
105
Where are the 2 paracolic gutters?
Between lateral edge of ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall
106
What are haustra in the colon formed by?
contraction of teniae coli
107
What are teniae coli?
3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle running from ceacum to distal end of sigmoid colon
108
Where is the appendiceal orifice?
wall of caecum
109
What valve and orifice is superior to the appendiceal orifice?
ileocaecal
110
What does the sigmoid mesentery give the sigmoid?
degree of motility
111
What is it called when the sigmoid twists on itself?
sigmoid volvulus
112
What is the arterial anastomose between the SMA and IMA?
marginal artery of Drummond
113
What do arterial anastamoses help prevent?
ischaemia by providing an alternative route by which blood can travel
114
Where does the hindgut extend to inferiorly?
proximal half of anal canal
115
What are varices?
abnormal dilated veins
116
How might varices cause haematemesis?
thin walls, potential to repture
117
Where is blood diverted during portal hypertension and what can this cause?
collateral veins to systemic venous system, causes varicose veins
118
What are the clinical presentations of portal hypertension?
caput medusae and oesophageal varices
119
Where are the anus and anal canal?
perineum
120
Where does the rectal ampulla lie?
superior to levator ani muscle
121
Is the levator ani muscle usually tonically contracted or relaxed?
contracted
122
What is the nerve going to the levator ani a branch of?
sacral plexus
123
Which part of the levator ani muscle is very important for faecal continence?
puborectalis muscle (skeletal)
124
Which, the internal or external anal sphincter, is skeletal muscle?
external
125
Is the internal anal sphincter stimulated (CLOSED) by parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves?
sympathetic
126
Which nerve stimulates (CLOSES) the external anal sphincter?
pudenal nerve
127
What contract when the rectal ampulla distends?
external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle
128
What nerves synapse the ganglia in the wall of the rectum and what do they do?
S2, S3 and S4, they inhibit internal anal sphincter (open it) and stimulate peristalsis
129
Which sympathetic nerves stimulate contraction (closing) of internal anal canal and inhibit peristalsis?
those coming from T12-L2
130
Fibres in which muscle could be torn during labour?
puborectalis or external anal sphincter
131
What does the pectinate line mark the junction between?
part of embryo forming GI trract (endoderm) and part that formed the skin
132
What are the main lymph vessels draining pelvic organs?
internal, external and common iliac
133
Are rectal varices and haemorrhoids the same?
No, rectal varices are related to portal hypertension
134
What cause haemorrhoids?
prolapse of the venous plexus which can occur with constipation, pregnancy etc
135
Where are the ischioanal fossae and what are they filled with?
left and right of anal canal, filled with fat and loose connective tissue
136
What is an infection in the ischianal fossa called?
ischioanal abscess
137
What is a protoscopy?
viewing of the rectum
