ALl Flashcards
ACh (Acetylcholene)
Found in CNS, PNS
parasympathetic responses
transmit neurotransmitters to muscles
In CNS, linked to Alzheimers (loss of ACh in hippocampus
Epinephrine
Adrenaline. Increased in Sympathetic Response
Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline.
Alertness and Wakefulness
Too little –> Depression
Too Much –> Mania
Dopamine
Movement and posture
Found in the Basal Ganglia
Imbalance –> Schizophrenia (too much o r over sensitivity)
Parkinsonson’s –> Loss of Dopamine
L-Dopa, used in P diseases, leads to increase of dopamine in brain
Serotonin
Mood Regulation, Eating, Sleeping, Arousal
Too Little –> Depression
Too Much–> Mania
SSRIs
GABA
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Mood stabilizer
Causes hyperpolarization in post-synaptic membrane
Endorphin
Natural Painkiller
Hindbrain
balance, motorcoordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Reticular Formation
Medulla Oblongata
Regulates vital functions, breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure
Pons
contains sensory motor tracts
Cerebellum
maintains, posture, balance and coordinates movements (alcohol impairs cerebellum)
reticular formation
arousal, alertness, attention (AAA)
anesthetics cause unconsciousness by depressing the reticular formation
Midbrain
Above Hindbrain
Sensorimotor refelexes, receives sensory and motor info –> involuntary responses triggered by sensory information
-superior colliculus
-inferior colliculus
Superior Colliculus
receives sensory visual input
Inferior Colliculus
receives sensory info from auditory system
Forebrain
Above Midbrain
Complex perceptual, cognition and behavioral processes. Emotion/Memory associations with intellectual and emotional capacities of humans
-thalamus
-Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
relay station for sensory information. Sorts sensory information and sends to appropriate area of cortex (subdivision, LGN)
Limbic System
emotion/memory
- septum
- Amygdala
- hippocampus
Septum
part of limbic system
pleasure center
Discovered by Olds and Milner
Damage leads to septal rage
Amygdala
defensive/aggressive behaviors
fear
Hippocampus
Learning, Memory
HM Case Study
Hypothalamus
4 F's : Feeding, Flight, Fight, Sexual Functions homeostatic functions emotional experiences, aggressive behavior and sexual behavior Endocrine Functions Regulates metabolism,temperature & H20 (isomoregulation, maintenance of H20 in hypothalamus) Drive behaviors
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
Hunger center
tells when to begin to eat/drink
Aphagia(refuse to eat)
Ventrimedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Satiety Center. Enough to eat
Hyperphagia
Anterior Hypothalamys (AH)
increase in sexual behavior
Frontal lobes
2 basic regions: prefrontal cortex & motor cortex
Broca’s area
prefrontal cortex
supervises/directs other brain regions
supervises processes with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control and long-term planning
EG: memory reminds you that you have someting in STM
Communicates with reticular formation to manage AAA
Motor Cortex
initiates voluntary muscle movement
neurons are arranged in according to body parts
Parietal Lobe
contains somatosensory cortex (projection area)
incoming sensory info: touch, pressure, temperature, pain
central regions: spatial processing & manipulation
used when orient self in space, map readin
Occipital Lobe
Contains visual cortex (striate cortex)
visual processing
learning/motor control
Temporal Lobe
(auditory cortex, wernike’s area)
W’s area- language reception/comprehension. area to understand language
memory processing, emotional control and language
