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0
Q

What is the prescribed tx for smoking, excessive drinking, or paraphilias?

A

Aversive counterconditioning

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1
Q

What is the prescribed tx for OCD and phobias?

A

Flooding or

Exposure with response prevention

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2
Q

What kind of theorist is Peter Lewinsohn! And what did he say causes depression?

A

Behaviorist and low rates of behavior and therefore lack of reinforcer from the environment.

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3
Q

What is marital behavioral therapy?

A

Richard Stewart, one of the pioneers of marital behavioral therapy, developed an approach that combines operant learning principles with social exchange theory.

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4
Q

What kind of therapy makes use of restoring and unique outcomes?

A

Narrative therapy.

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5
Q

What is most characteristic of the Milan group?

A

Positive connotation and circular questioning.

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6
Q

Who created the ABC model?

A

Albert Ellis. The ABC model is there is a an activating event, then there is B a belief for interpretation of the event, and finally there is C a consequence in terms of an emotional and behavioral reaction to the belief.

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7
Q

Who created collaborative empiricism?

A

Beck’s cognitive behavioral therapy.

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8
Q

What is collaborative empiricism?

A

In collaborative empiricism, the therapist encourages the patient to maintain an open mind and take a rational approach to thoughts and beliefs using principles of logic and the scientific method. Another part of collaborative empiricism is belief testing which is hypothesis testing in which the patient tries to see if a belief is true by testing its validity in the real world; however, this is only part of collaborative empiricism. Other collaborative strategies include: guy did discovery, supporting through evidence, and looking for alternative theories.

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9
Q

What is the cornerstone of operant conditioning?

A

Modifying behavioral contingencies.

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10
Q

What are the four stages in Masters and Johnsons sexual response cycle?

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasms, and resolution.

In the excitement phase, arousal is initiated either through physical factors like touching or psychological factors like fantasy.

In the plateau phase it involves further increases and stimulation and physiological functions like heart rate and respiration.

During the orgasm phase, the person experiences intense implantable releases tension, and ejaculation occurs in the mail.

The resolution stage involves a gradual return to pre-excitement levels.

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11
Q

Which Masters and Johnsons sexual response stage is the focus of sensate focus? Also counter conditioning.

A

The excitement stage.

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12
Q

According to gestalt therapy, interjection results in what?

A

Unexamined values and beliefs. Introduction involves taking in what others say whole, without one’s own critical analysis.

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13
Q

What does projection result in?

A

Suspiciousness and paranoia.

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14
Q

What results in a lack of awareness of conflicts?

A

Confluence.

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15
Q

What involves turning on oneself the behavior and emotions one wants to inflict on others which includes self harm?

A

Retroflexion.

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16
Q

What is expressed emotion?

A

Expressed emotion is manifested by a critical, hostile and emotionally over involved communication style between family members.

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17
Q

What is a very good predictor of prognosis for individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Employment

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18
Q

What has been shown to reduce subsequent hospitalizations for patients with schizophrenia?

A

Researchers found that a high level of expressed emotion in families tend to result in greater incidence of relapse in cases of schizophrenia expressed emotion is manifested by a critical, hostile and emotionally over involved communication style between family members. It is better to help the family members develop a more supportive communication style so the patient can benefit from the positive aspects of family involvement.

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19
Q

What medication is used to treat smoking cessation?

A

The antidepressant Zyban or Buproprion and the nicotine patch.

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20
Q

What kind of success rates do smoking cessation programs usually receive?

A

15 to 20%

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21
Q

Does quitting smoking improve longevity regardless of how long the person has been smoking?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What kind of theorist was Peter Leeinsohn And what did he believe helped depression?

A

He was a behaviorist who believe in the principle of teaching depressed patients had to elicit higher rates of reinforcement from the environment which thereby increases rates of behavior and reduce depression so higher rates of behavior.

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23
Q

What kind of therapy a solution focused family therapy? And who developed it?

A

Steve D shazer there and his colleagues developed solution focused therapy. It is a post modern family therapy.

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24
Q

What kind of therapy asks the miracle question, the exception question, and the scaling question?

A

Solution focused therapy

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25
Q

What therapy deals with the idea of it’s ratio of costs and benefits and who developed it?

A

Richard Stewart, one of the pioneers of marital behavioral therapy, developed an approach that combines operant learning principles with social exchange theory. According to social exchange model, behavior in relationships is maintained by it’s ratio of costs and benefits.

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26
Q

What therapy makes use of re storying and unique outcomes and who developed it?

A

Narrative therapy by Michael White.

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27
Q

What therapy is most known Through positive connotation and circular questioning?

A

The Milan group

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28
Q

What is another word for the rational economic model?

A

Classical decision theory

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29
Q

What do we know about the rational economic model otherwise known as the classical decision theory?

A

This theory involves exhaustively compiling all relevant information, investigating all possible solutions, and choosing the very best one. Not surprisingly, it is really implemented because of practical limitations of time and information gathering.

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30
Q

The administrative model of decision-making is also known as what?

A

Behavioral decision theory

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31
Q

Describe the administrative model of decision-making otherwise known as behavioral decision theory?

A

This model which was developed by Herbert Simon is based on the recognition of real-life limits. It adopts eight satisfy sing style and implement the first proposal that is adequate.

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32
Q

In a hospital setting what is the difference between quality assurance and utilization review?

A

Utilization review focuses on costs and conserving resources. Quality assurance focuses on availability, adequacy appropriateness of services.

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33
Q

according to psychoanalytic theory what is mania defending against?

A

Depression

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34
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory an eruption of did impulses into the ego would result in what?

A

Would result in anxiety in an attempt to bolstering defense mechanisms.

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35
Q

In Melanie Klein’s work which comes first the paranoid Skeeswood position or the depressive position.?

A

Paranoid he’s a position comes first and then followed by the depressive position.

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36
Q

What essentialize communication versus decentralized communication?

A

Centralize communication networks are like a wheel or a chain, with one person in the middle gets all the information. And decentralize communication networks, all members communicate with one another.

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37
Q

What is the current trended organizations regarding centralized communication or decentralize communications?

A

Decentralized

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38
Q

What are the four common organizational structures?

A

1) Traditional, 2) Project, 3)Team, 4) Multidimensional.

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39
Q

What kind of organizational structure is the traditional organizational structure?

A

The traditional organizational structures also known as hierarchical and is the typical bureaucracy.

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40
Q

What kind of organizational structure is the project organizational structure?

A

The project organizational structure is centered on specific products or services.

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41
Q

What kind of organizational structure is the team organizational structure?

A

The team organizational structure is centered on work teams or groups report upper-level managers.

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42
Q

What kind of organizational structure is the multidimensional organizational structure?

A

The multidimensional organizational structure involves more than one type of structure for example both traditional and T overall the trend is away from traditional organizational structure and toward broadly sharing 30 and decision-making power.

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43
Q

What family therapy addresses circular questioning and hypothesis formation?

A

Systematic family therapy by the Milan group

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44
Q

What family therapies focuses on differentiation issues?

A

Bowen

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45
Q

What two things is behavioral marital therapy rooted in?

A

Social learning and behavioral analysis. This theory contends than normal family functioning results when adaptive behaviors rewarded, maladaptive behaviors not reinforced, and benefits of being a member of the family outweigh costs. Pathology results from maladaptive behavior that is reinforced by family attention and reward, from deficient reward exchanges, and from communication deficits.

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46
Q

Who developed a four level model to assess the effectiveness of training?

A

Donald Kirkpatrick

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47
Q

What are Donald Kirkpatrick four level model to assess the effectiveness of training?

A
  1. Participant reaction
  2. Measure of learning
  3. Measure of behavior/ transfer
  4. Results on the business
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48
Q

The focus of aversive counterconditioning is on modifying the what?

A

Conditioned response

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49
Q

What is the greatest benefit to accompany from implementing flextime?

A

I decrease in tardiness and absenteeism.

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50
Q

What is la bell indifference and what diagnosis is it associated with?

A

It is a description of the unconcerned attitude toward symptoms that have been noted in patients with conversion disorder.

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51
Q

A realistic job preview is meant to achieve what?

A

An increase in employment longevity.

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52
Q

What is collaborative empiricism and who is it associated with?

A

The fundamental process underlying backs cognitive behavioral therapy is collaborative empiricism. And collaborative empiricism, the therapist encourages the patient to maintain an open mind and to take a rational approach to thoughts and beliefs using principles of logic and the scientific method. Other collaborative strategies include guided discovery, supporting through evidence, and looking for alternative theories as well as hypothesis testing.

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53
Q

The ABC model is a key component to what Siri and what theorist and what does it mean?

A

The ABC model is a key component of Albert Ellis’s theory rational emotive behavior therapy of how behaviors are related to cognitions. According to Alice firsters and activating event or a, then there is the belief or B, or interpretation of the event, and finally there’s a consequence C in the term of an emotional and behavioral reaction to the belief.

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54
Q

What are the four stages of Masters and Johnson sexual response cycle?

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
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55
Q

Which stage is sensate focus designed to help with respect to Masters and Johnsons four stages of sexual response?

A

Excitement

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56
Q

What is the first stage in Masters and Johnsons for stage excellent response cycle and what is involved?

A

The first ages excitement, arousal is initiated either through physical factors like touching or psychological factors like fantasy. It is in this stage the sensate focus is designed to affect. Based on counterconditioning, sensate focus techniques replace performance anxiety with pleasure.

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57
Q

What is Masters and Johnson second stage of the sexual response cycle and what is it due?

A

The plateau phase involves further increases and stimulation and physiological functions like heart rate and respiration.

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58
Q

What Masters and Johnsons sexual response cycle is stage number three and what’s involved?

A

During the orgasm stage the person experiences an intense and pleasurable releases tension, and ejaculation occurs in the mail.

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59
Q

What is Masters and Johnsons fourth sexual response cycle and what is involved?

A

Before stages called the resolution stage and involves a gradual return to pre-excitement levels.

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60
Q

According to gestalt therapy there are several blank disturbances?

A

Boundary

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61
Q

According to Gestalt boundary issues what does introjection do?

A

Interjection according to Gestalt involves taking in what others say whole, with that one’s own critical analysis. Good result in naïveté, and unexamined values and beliefs.

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62
Q

According to Gestault what does confluence lead to?

A

According to Gestalt confluence results in a lack of awareness of conflicts.

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63
Q

According to Gestalt what does retroflexion create?

A

Retroflexion involves turning on oneself the behavior and emotion one wants to inflict on others, which can include self harm.

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64
Q

What kind of therapy did Michenbaum create?

A

Self instructional therapy.

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65
Q

What is self instructional therapy?

A

Self instructional therapy created by Meichenbaum combined graduated practice with elements of rational emotive theory, and involves repeated practice of the targeted task. Self instructional therapy helps a person who lacks adaptive cognitions and performing tasks to develop such cognitions, hands, it is a form of cognitive restructuring. It involves helping the client learned to think about how to perform a task rather than problem-solving. Coping statements and skill development are key elements of of the stress and innoculation training.

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66
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Primary prevention attempts to prevent problems from occurring in the first place like the flu shot

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67
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Secondary prevention involves early identification and treatment of individuals experiencing problems with the goal of resolving the problems. An example is crisis intervention.

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68
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the recurrence or residual effects of chronic problems.

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69
Q

What are four examples of cognitive distortions?

A
  1. Tunnel vision
  2. Magnification
  3. Labeling
  4. Fortune telling
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70
Q

Describe the cognitive distortion of the tunnel vision?

A

Tunnel vision a cognitive distortion refers to seeing only the negative aspects of the situation. For example, this didn’t received all A’s except for one B+, she becomes very upset about the one B+.

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71
Q

Describe the cognitive distortion of magnification?

A

The distortion the cognitive distortion of magnification/minimization is often, as here, abbreviated to magnification. He refers to magnifying once problems are perceiving something is more important than it is. It also refers to minimizing one’s positive qualities or seeing something as less important than it is. Here, the patient is clearly minimizing her mathematics ability.

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72
Q

Describe the cognitive distortion of labeling?

A

The cognitive distortion of labeling, a person’s entire characters label based on one incident, for example, someone who forget something one time is an idiot.

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73
Q

Describe the cognitive distortion of fortune-telling?

A

The cognitive distortion of fortune-telling refers to anticipating that events will turn out badly.

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74
Q

What is a low LPC leader?

A

A low LPC leader is someone who assigns low ratings to a least preferred coworker. Low LPC leaders perform back best and highly favorable. Or highly unfavorable situations and are task oriented.

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75
Q

What is a high LPC leader?

A

A high LPC leader is someone who writes a least preferred coworker highly. Hi LPC leaders work best under moderately favorable situations, and our relationship oriented.

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76
Q

LPC leaders are part of whose theory and what is it called?

A

Fiedlers contingency theory which looks Halalai re-rates the least preferred coworker or the LPC least preferred coworker.

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77
Q

What has the research shown regarding productivity and satisfaction in relationship to authoritarian leaders and Democratic leaders?

A

Researchers Shellnut greater satisfaction is associated with Democratic leaders. The findings on the effects of the type of leadership on productivity have been inconsistent, though it appears that productivity is higher under authoritarian and Democratic leaders then under laissez-faire leaders.

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78
Q

What does Theory Y state?

A

theory Y states that workers are industrious, creative, and seek challenge and responsibility.

79
Q

What does theory X state?

A

Theory X proposes that workers are lazy and have no ambition, and must therefore be controlled and directed.

80
Q

What is theory Z?

A

Theory Z considers lifelong employment, slow promotion, and group decision-making to be critical in organizational management.

81
Q

Which combination of interventions is best suited for treating conduct disorder?

A

Individual and family therapy

82
Q

When a worker enjoy the type of work that he does, one would most likely expect to see what?

A

A decrease in tardiness and absenteeism

83
Q

What does the research say is the relationship between job satisfaction and performance?

A

The relationship is weak (.17)

84
Q

Do good. Relationships increased job satisfaction?

A

No

85
Q

What is organizational development?

A

Organizational development focuses on systematic ways to bring about planned change. Its purpose is not to help employees adapt to unanticipated changes. Organizational development uses a systems approach to organizational problems and his intervention focus on total organizational change. Organizational development looks at factors such as communication, interaction, into building, which address relationships among employees. Bungle of organizational development

86
Q

What is client centered case consultation?

A

The consultant makes an expert assessment of one clients problems and suggests ways for handling the case.

87
Q

What is Consultee centered case consultation?

A

Consultee centered case consultation is when a consultant helps consul T to improve skills in working with a group of patients.

88
Q

What is Consultee administrative consultation?

A

The consultant would work with the consultee program related works such as how his or her attitude and knowledge is influencing the way a program is run.

89
Q

What is program centered administrative consultation?

A

Program centered administrator consultation is where the consultants focus is on the program development.

90
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder is best treated with what form of treatment?

A

CBT

91
Q

Flooding which involves exposing a patient to feared stimuli all at once with response prevention is highly effective in the treatment of what diagnoses?

A

Agoraphobia
Specific phobias
OCD
PTSD

92
Q

Systematic desensitization which involves a gradual exposure to feared stimuli while employing relaxation strategies is highly effective in the treatment of what?

A

Specific phobia

93
Q

What type of conditioning is flooding?

A

Flooding is an example of classical extinction. The conditioned stimulus or the feared object or situation is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, until the conditioned response which is anxiety is eventually extinguished.

94
Q

What is implosive therapy?

A

In plosive therapy is based on classical extinction but it’s always done in imagination and includes the exploration of psychosexual themes.

95
Q

Systematic desensitization is based on what kind of conditioning?

A

Classical counterconditioning

96
Q

What is interpersonal psychotherapy?

A

Interpersonal psychotherapy or IPT is it sort short-term therapy of about 20 sessions that involved examining the patient interpersonal relationships in so far they impact a pre-existing depression.

97
Q

Who developed the idea of self object needs?

A

Kohut and his psychoanalytic self psychology. So if object needs typically include needs from marrying, idealization, and 20.

98
Q

What is rehm’s self-controlled theory of depression?

A

He attempts to integrate cognitive as well as behavioral models of depression. Wrenview’s depression as a result of negative self evaluations, lack of self reinforcement, and high rates of self punishment. Treatment based on Rams self-control theory includes modification of self-monitoring, self evaluation, and self-control skills, as well as modification of dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors like selective attention, standard-setting, self attribution, and self reinforcement.

99
Q

What are the three steps to delinquency per Pattersons coercion model of aggression?

A
  1. First children learn to be aggressive by observing course of an antisocial behaviors and their parents. Such parents respond to a child’s noncompliance with increasingly course of an aggressive behaviors. Poor parenting practices been unwittingly reinforced corset behavior on the part of the child. The cycle of escalating course of Misonsou’s. The child course of behavior leads to conduct problems.
  2. The child conduct problems experiences academic failure and. Jackson.
  3. Third the child and experience as a depressed mood and is more likely to join a deviant peer group.
101
Q

According to gestalt therapy, introjection results due to what? And what is introjection?

A

Unexamined values and beliefs

Interjection about taking in what others say whole without one’s own critical analysis.

102
Q

Clinical interventions based on classical conditioning involve unlearning previous problematic connections (eg, connections or pairings that have resulted in __, __, or __). Change is accomplished by techniques that rely on ___ or ____.

A

phobias, anxieties, addictions

counterconditioning or classical extinction

103
Q

Counterconditioning is based on the principle of ____ which is the notion that two incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time but rather that the stronger response will inhibit the weaker (fear will inhibit pleasure). The focus of treatment is to weaken the maladaptive CR (fear of rats) by strengthening an incompatible or ____ response.

A

reciprocal inhibition

antagonistic

104
Q

Specific interventions based on counterconditioning include the following 4 interventions.

A
  1. systematic desensitization
  2. sensate focus
  3. assertiveness training
  4. aversive conditioning
105
Q

Systematic desensitization, developed by _____ has been most commonly used to treat _____. It involves a ______ or a list of situations ranked by how much anxiety they produce. This exposure can happen either ____ or _____. The process continues until the feared response now elicits _____. Previous research suggested that systematic desensitization was effective for ____ but more recent research has concluded that treatments that emphasize more prolonged and intense exposure such as _____ are _____.

A 
Joseph Wolpe
specfic phobias
anxiety hiearchy
in vivo or in imagination
relaxation
specific phobias
flooding
most efficacious for specific phobias
106
Q

Sensate focus a form of _____ was developed by ____ uses _____ as the counterconditioning response to inhibit ______. Pleasure is elicited through ____ that are discontinued at the first sign of anxiety. Anxiety is also diminished by at first asking the couple to _____. There are four stages: __, __, __, and ___.

A

counterconditioning
Masters and Johnson
pleasure inhibit anxiety
abstain from sex
1. excitement (through physical or psychol factors)
2. plateau (further increasing timulation and physiological fx like heart rate, respiration)
3. orgasm - intense, pleasurable release of tension
4. resolution - gradual return to pre-excitment levels

107
Q

What is assertiveness training?

A

Role playing with the therapist on how to say no or feel less anxious in social situations.

108
Q

What is aversive conditioning? A part of ____ conditioning and _____ conditioning. There are two types what are they? What does the research show in terms of aversive conditioning?

A

counter conditioning and classical conditioning
Only used for “deviant” or “bad” behaviors like drinking, cigarette smoking or fetishes. The CS is paired with a new stronger stimulus and the new stimulus elicits a strong negative response that is incompatible with the old response. Smoking a cigarette is paired with electric shock

  1. In vivo (antabuse)
  2. Imagination or covert sensitization (imaging cancer cells taking over the body when smoking)

It may have benefits in the short term it is not effective in the long run and is associated with high rates of recidivism.

109
Q

What are two types of interventions for classical extinction? And what’s involved?

A

Presenting the CS without the US either over several trials or for an extended period of time to the point where the CS no longer elicits the CR. The reasons most fears don’t extinguish naturally is because we avoid them.

  1. Flooding
  2. Implosive therapy
110
Q

What is flooding (with response prevention) and what type of conditioning is it? What has the research shown in terms of length of treatment? Flooding is better than systematic desensitization for the following diagnoses (3).

A

It is classical extinction
Can be in vivo or in imagination
We are presenting the CS (spider) without the US (mother screaming about the spider). Client is exposed without being permitted to flee and would continue until the person’s fear has extinguished

The research has shown that a 45 minute flooding session is more effective than multiple shorter sessions because the shorter ones may actually exacerbate the fear.

  1. ocd, agoraphobia, specific phobias
111
Q

Implosive therapy is a kind of what kind of conditioning? Developed by _____? It is done only in _____ and after the client has been exposed to the feared object in imagination the therapist explores _____ themes. What does the research say about the treatment gains?

A 
Classical extinction
Stampfl
imagination
psychosexual themes
Made due to exposure and not the psychosexual themes
112
Q

A functional assessment, part of ____ conditioning, involves determining the target behavior, its ___, ____, and ____ that serve to maintain the behaviors.

A

operant

antecedents, consequences and contingencies (reinforcers and punishers).

113
Q

What are the three types of reinforcements?

A
  1. primary reinforcers (those that reinforce everyone at all ages in all cultures
  2. secondary reinforcers (have reininforceable value through training or experience)
  3. generalized conditioned reinforcers (not inerently reinforcing but become so becuase they give the person access to other reinforcers like money or tokens)
114
Q

What are the 6 types of intervention strategies that involve reinforcement?

A
  1. shaping
  2. token economies
  3. contingency contracting
  4. premack principle
  5. differential reinforcement of other behaviors
  6. self reinforcement
115
Q

What is shaping and token economies?

A

Shaping is reinforcing for every step taken toward achieving a target behavior

token economy is using a token system to reinforce appropriate behaviors or fine them for inappropriate behaviors

116
Q

What is contingency contracting?

A

For problematic behaviors between 2 or more people where targeted behaviors are outlined and a contract in writing is negotiated.

117
Q

Otherwise known as grandma’s rule, the _____ is what?

A

premack principle
takes a high frequency behavior to reinforce a low frequency behavior (like if you eat your peas you can go play outside).

118
Q

Differential Reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) aka ____ or aka ______ is what?

A

differential reinforcment of other behaviors (DRO) or
differential reinforcement of incompatible responses (DRI) or
differential reinforcement of alternative responses (DRA)

means that you actively ignore bad behavior (extinction) and positively reinforce behaviors you want to see and reinforce those.

119
Q

What is self reinforcement and name two types.

A

You monitor your behaviors and keep track such as weight watchers

  1. self monitoring - detailed record of what you do
  2. stimulus control - you only eat when sitting at a table or you go for a walk when you want to snack
120
Q

What are the four types of aversive control of behavior?

A
  1. positive punishment
  2. escape learning
  3. avoidance learning
  4. overcorrection
121
Q

What is escape learning?

A

the aversive stimulus cannot be avoided altogether however, by emitting the target behavior it can be stopped.

122
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

We can keep the aversive stimulus from happening by emitting the desired behavior in time.

123
Q

What is overcorrection?

A

A type of punishment that involves restitution or reparation so for example if a child makes a mess in the living room, he is required to clean up the living room AND his room. Physical guidance may be necessary to help the person complete the different steps of the task.

124
Q

Treatment based on social learning there are three

A
  1. symbolic modeling
  2. live or in vivo modeling
  3. participant modeling
125
Q

What is symbolic modeling?

A

observing a film in which a model enjoys progressively more intimate interaction with a feared object or anxiety producing setting.

126
Q

What is live or in vivo modeling?

A

having a person observe a live model engage in graduated interactions with a feared object or anxiety producing situation

127
Q

What is participant modeling?

A

live modeling plus contact with the model. the model gradually guides the person in activities. Good for children with phobias.

128
Q

Who came up with rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)? And what is it? What is the ABC model?

A

Albert Ellis
direct and straight forward way of convincing clients about their irrational beliefs
ABC model (activating event leads to belief - leads to consequence or emotional / behavioral outcome
The therapist models more rational beliefs and provides explicit feedback to the client

129
Q

Beck came up with ___- therapy which emphasizes ____ hypothesis testing as a means of changing existing beliefs and ____ questioning (continuously seeking the client’s views about the presenting problem. Beck posits that psychological symptoms stem from ____ that are maladaptive. Beck also coined ___, ___, and ____.

A 
cognitive therapy
empirical hypothesis testing
socratic questioning
automatic thoughts
logical errors, faulty conceptions, self signals
130
Q

What is the maladaptive cognitive triad and who coined it? What is recommended?

A

negative view of self, world, and future

daily logs, activity scheduling to attempt gradual mastery and encouragement of activities to check out one’s cognitions

131
Q

Two programs associated with Michenbaum?

A
  1. self instruction therapy

2. stress innoculation training

132
Q

What is self instruction therapy? Whose is it? Who is it good with? What are the five steps?

A

modeling and graduated practice with elements of rational emotive theory to help ppl with task completion.

It’s michenbaums.
ADHD

  1. Therapist modeling: therapist models the task while verbalizing the steps involved
  2. Therapist verbalization: client performs the task while therapist verbalizes the steps.
  3. Patient verbalization: client performs the task while verbalizing the steps
  4. Patient silently talks through the task - client performs task while inaudibly moving lips
  5. Independent task performance - client performs task while thinking the task through
133
Q

What is a protocol analysis? What theory is it part of? Whose theory is it?

A

When one verbally describes the the steps being taken to complete a task.
Self instruction therapy by Michenbaum

134
Q

What is Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)? Whose theory is it? What are the three phases?

A

It’s Michenbaum’s
tx for stressed people, anxiety, anger, medical problems
empirically validated for PTSD

the idea of innoculating people by bolstering their coping strategies to milder stressors can decrease suseptibility to more severe stress. It allows you to master stress gradually.

  1. Education and cognitive preparation - taught they do not react directly to stress but rather their reactions depend on their interpretations of the events and that coping skills profoundly affect their subjective experience of stress.
  2. Coping Skills Acquisition - learn new skills (relaxation, coping self statements, imagery, thought stopping) and practiced in tx
  3. Application of skills in imagination and in vivo - clients apply their skills on a graduated basis across increasing levels of stressors - relapse prevention is big.
135
Q

____ developed the relapse prevention model. What is the most common trigger to relapse? What is the premise of this model?

A

Marlatt
negative emotional state
relapse if part of recovery and you explore it

136
Q

According to psychoanalysis what is the difference between primary and secondary process?

A

primary process = dreams, hallucinations - it’s an urgent way to reduce tension even at the expense of of reality.

secondary process - includes thinking and speaking and meeting the demands of reality and delaying gratification.

137
Q

Freud believed that neurotic anxiety results in unacceptable urges of the id which become too strong to be controlled by the ego and these impulses begin to edge their way into consciousness. At this point the ego is unable to control the anxiety by rational methods and therefore resorts to the ego defense mechanisms. The purpose of the defense is to prevent the id’s forbidden impulses from entering consciousness. Defense mechanisms work through self deception and distortion of reality so that the id’s urges will not be acknowledged. The predominant defense mechanims include (8):

A
  1. repression - the most basic and underlies all others “motivated forgetting”
  2. regression - retreating to behaviors of an earlier less demanding and safer stage of development
  3. projection - seeing one’s unconscious urges (like hostility) in another person’s behavior which can lead to suspicion and paranoia
  4. displacement - transfering the emotion on a substitute - like fearing snakes instead of sex
  5. reaction formation - engaging in behaviors that are the exact opposition of the id’s real urges - the aggressive mother who has aggressive urges towards her child and becomes a doting and overprotective mother
  6. intellectualization - distancing from feelings
  7. rationalization - coming up with self satisfying and incorrect reasons for one’s behaviors
  8. sublimation - finding a socially acceptable way of discharging energy from unconscious forbidden desires - this is normal and desirable
138
Q

According to Theodore Milan each personality disorder relies on one primary defense as follows: (7) schizoid, narcissistic, paranoid, borderline, histrionic, dependent, antisocial

A
  1. schizoid - intellectualization
  2. narcissistic - rationalization
  3. paranoid - projection
  4. borderline - regression
  5. histrionic - dissociation
  6. dependent - introjection
  7. antisocial - acting out
139
Q

Some theorists argue that people with personality disorders use ____ defenses, or wanting to change the external environment while people with depression or axis I use ____ defenses where they want to change themselves or blame themselves.

A

ALLOplastic - change others

AUTOplastic - change oneself

140
Q

The focus of psychoanalysis is to bring to light the conflicts between the id’s impulses that are pressing for discharge and the efforts to repress these impulses by the id. The cornerstone is ____. What are the four steps?

A

free association

  1. clarification
  2. confrontation
  3. interpretation
  4. working through
141
Q

Those who have expanded classical psychoanalysis include the ___, ____, ____, _____. Those who have departed from it are ____ and _____.

A

expanded:

  1. ego psychologists
  2. object relations
  3. self psychologists
  4. psychoanalytic social psychologists (neo Freudians)

departed:

  1. Adler (individual psychologist)
  2. Jung (analytical psychology)
142
Q

What is ego psychology and who are the three major players?

A

Ego psychology focuses on the ego’s capacity for integration and adaptation where the ego is not a helpless rider of the id horse but rather the ego guides a person’s capacity to master life.

Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, Erik Erikson

143
Q

Who is known as the father of “ego psychology?”

A

Heinz Hartmann

144
Q

What did Heinz Hartman believe? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

The ego does not arise out of the id but in parallel with it and ppl are not only driven by their passions but also by their thinking. He differentiated between ego defensive functions and ego autonomous functions. He coined “conflict free sphere” for those ego functions occurring and developing outside of conflict including functions of perception, learning, memory, and locomotion.

Ego psychologist

145
Q

What was Ana Freud’s position? What kind of psychologist was she?

A

Ego psychologist

She described the ego’s capacity for master and noting its inherent ability to reconcile conflicts with the demands of reality. The ego is a medium through which we can get a fuller picture of both the id and the superego. She also applied psychoanalysis with children.

146
Q

What was Erik Erikson’s position? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

Ego psychologist

He combined ego psychology with psychosocial life span theory. He believed the ego matures in epigenetic sequences in which development occurs in a series of stages built on mastery of prior stages. He described the internal world of the psyche (id, ego, superego) and the external social world.

147
Q

In contrast to classical analysis, in object relations theory, the therapist avoids being the _____. Major theorists are: (3).

A

blank screen

Mahler, Winnicott, Klein

148
Q

What was Melanie Klein’s position? What kind of psychologist was she?

A

object relations

splitting of the good and bad breast that prevents object constancy

149
Q

What was DW Winnicott’s position? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

object relations

good enough mother, abandonning the true self and adopting the false self and behaving in ways that are acceptable to others. transitional object.

150
Q

What was Margaret Mahler’s position? What kind of psychologist was she? What were her six stages of development?

A

object relations

differentiation and individuation
six stages of development: infantile autism, symbiosis, differentiation, individuation, practicing, rapprochement, and object constancy. (IDIPRO)

151
Q

What was Kohut’s position? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

Self psychologist

primary narcissism, where you focus on getting your needs met, mirroring, idealizing, twinship (a toddler shaving like his dad), empathic attunement.

152
Q

What is a neo-freudian? Who are the 3 main players?

A

they focus on the impact of social and cultural factors in determining personality. psychological disturbance results from faulty learning and involves characterolocially maladaptive style of interacting with the environment. The therapy is about helping the patient identify and correct the client’s tendency to misperceive or misinterpret the behaviors of others.

Sullivan, Horney, Fromm

153
Q

What was Sullivan’s position? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

Neo Freudian

Beleived personality exists only in an emotional exchange between people. We don’t have personalities but rather we reflect one in responding to the perceptions of significant others.

154
Q

IPT or interpersonal therapy was based on whose work? What is this model used for? How does it work?

A

Sullivan (neo freudian)

16 sessions
connects client’s problems to interpesonal difficulties in there here and now and not the past

four areas: grief, role dispute, role transition, interpersonal deficits

transference not interpreted

155
Q

What was Karen Horney’s position? What kind of psychologist was she?

A

neo freudian

She believed that neurosis is culturally defined whereby its a deviation from the norm. It develops from feelings of anxiety, hostility that are derived from the child’s discovery of feeling helpless in the face of all powerful indifferent adults. Basic anxiety results in rigid pursuit of safety, familiarity and security. She described three neurotic trends:
moving compliantly towards others
moving aggressively against others
moving detachedly away from others

156
Q

What was Erich Fromm’s position? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

neo freudian

man’s problems stemmed from sociocultural and economic conditions. Believed people feared freedom the most. He distinguished two modes of existence, the “having” and “being” and that healthier people lived in the “being” mode.

157
Q

What was Alfred Adler’s position? What kind of psychologist was he? What did he contribute to parenting?

A

individual psychologist

Believed people try to master life and that neurosis is about maladaptive efforts to compensate for feelings of inferiority. He looks for mistaken goals and faulty assumptions. We encourage the client and focus on current concerns and future goals. Help with problem solving and and to form more positive ways of effective and socially acceptable patterns of living.

STEP (Systematic Training in effective Parenting) - democratic approach to parenting that values and respects the child’s contribution - use natural and logical consequences of behavior as the basis of discipline and understanding the child’s behavior as one of four mistaken goals (attention, power, revenge, giving up).

158
Q

What is the difference between humanistic therapy and existential therapy? What are the three big names?

A

Humanism: people will move in the direction of actualization if nurtured. (Maslow - we meet our needs and we can self actualize)

Existentialists: we have no internal nature and the world lacks intrinsic meaning and people are faced with what to make with this meaningless.

Rogers (client centered), Fritz Perls (Gestalt), and Glasser (Reality therapy)

159
Q

Empathy, warmth and genuineness are associated with what theory and what theorist?

A

client centered

Rogers

160
Q

What is the basis of Gestalt Therapy? What is their position on in terms of focus (past, current, future) and transference and questions?

A

healthy functioning results when people are able to maintain flexible and adaptive contact with their own needs and environments. Without this there can result in personality fragmentation, limited awareness, and deficiencies in responsibility, authenticity and self regulation. The goal is to be aware of the whole personality by discovering those parts that are blocked from awareness. You re-own them and integrate them.

current focus
challenge transference to bring the focus to the present
discourage questions

161
Q

What are the 5 resistances to contact or boundary disturbances in Gestalt therapy.

A
  1. introjection - we take in information whole which results in problems o being overly compliant and gullible.
  2. projection - project feelings onto others and results in paranoia
  3. retroflection - turn back onto themselves what they’d like to do to others (self harming)
  4. deflection - distance yourself from feelings through humor, distraction, generalization, asking questions rather than making statements
  5. confluence - a lack of awareness of a differentiation between self and others in an attempt to avoid conflict.
162
Q

What was Glasser’s position? What kind of psychologist was he?

A

REality therapist
it’s about responsibility and having choices
about clarifying client’s values and behaviors in relation to these values
may include skillful questioning, humor, paradox
works well in high schools, delinquents and prison inmates

163
Q

What is transactional analysis? What name is associated with this theory?

A

Berne
the goal is for clients to become aware of the intent behind their communication and eliminate deceit so that clients can interpret their own behavior accurately. It looks at early decisions made and the capacity to make new ones.

164
Q

The mechanism of action in biofeedback involves deceased _____.

A

decreased sympathetic arounsal

165
Q

What is thermal biofeedback?

A

Measures peripheral skin temperature and is commonly used to treat migraine headaches and Reynaud’s disease.

166
Q

What is electromyography or EMG:

A

biofeedback that measures surface muscle tension (forehead, jaw, lower back) - headaches, TMJ, and back pain

167
Q

What is electroencephalography EEG?

A

EEG measures brain waves and is used to treat people suffering from hyperactivity and seizure disorders

168
Q

What is galvanic skin response? GSR

A

biofeedback that measures skin conductivity or sweat good for GAD

169
Q

What does the research say about biofeedback?

A

It’s mixed. although EMG for tension headaches and thermal biofeedback have been effective for tension headaches and migraines but EMG for tension is more effective.

170
Q

What are Prochaska’s stages of change?

A
  1. precontemplation - no problem
  2. contemplation - maybe a problem, no need to change
  3. preparation - problem, commited to change develop a plan, they perceive greater benefits to change than barriers
  4. action - behavior change is initiated - 6 months in this stage
  5. maintenance - rp
171
Q

What is the five factor theory of personality? Who developed it? Acronym? Which one is highly correlated with high job success?

A 
Costa and McCrae 1985
OCEAN
1.  Openness to experience 
2.  Conscientiousness 
3.  extroversion
4.  Agreeableness
5.  neuroticism

Conscientiousness

172
Q

Name the theorist and type of therapy:

  1. irrational beliefs
  2. automatic thoughts
  3. maladaptive cognitive triad
  4. empirical hypothesis testing
  5. logical errors
  6. faulty misperceptions
  7. self signals
  8. self statements
  9. conflict free sphere
A
  1. Ellis - rational emotive behavior therapy
  2. Beck - cognitive therapy
  3. Beck
  4. Beck
  5. Beck
  6. Beck
  7. Beck
  8. Michembaum - cognitive behavioral modification
  9. Hartmann - ego psychology
173
Q

What two theoretical models have influenced family therapists?

A

general systems theory - interaction of components and seeks to attain homeostasis

cybernetics - circular nature of feedback loops

174
Q

What is a positive and negative feedback loop? What theoretical model is it?

A

negative feedback loop: decreases deviation in a system keeping the status quo - a family returning to its normal and healthy fx after a disruptive event (death)

positive feedback loop: increases deviation or change - a couple argues leading to increased levels of distress

cybernetics

175
Q

What are the 6 types of family therapy?

A

psychodynamic, structural, communications, strategic, family systems, behavioral/social learning

176
Q

Lidz described two types of deviant marital relationships. What are they? What theory is it under? What is the problem? What intervention can be used?

A

Psychodynamic

  1. marital schism - severe, chronic discord and disequilibrium, threats of separation are common and recurrent. parents seek support from their children and attempt to diminish the worth of the other parent.
  2. marital skew - skewed towards meeting the needs of one member at the expense of the needs of others - mother forms an overly close relationship with one child at the expense of the other children and her husband

there is a failure to develop a reciprocally rewarding parental coalition. It lacks reciprocity, defined as common understanding and acceptance of each other’s roles, goals, and values.

Family sculpting is used where the therapist interprets the sculpture and modifies in ways to suggest new relationships.

177
Q

Minuchin described three chronic boundary problems - what are they? What kind of family therapy is it?

A
  1. triangulation - child is in the middle of the parents
  2. detouring - parents express their distress through one child who becomes he IP - parents unite to blame the bad child or to help the weak child
  3. stable coalition - one parent unites with one child against the other parent

structural

178
Q

The MRI group is another word for what kind of therapy? Who are the players?

A

communications family therapy

Satir, Watzlawick, Bateson, Jackson, Haley

179
Q

What is a double bind and who came up with it? Example. What kinds of interventions do they use?

A

MRI (Mental Research Institute) Group or communications family tx

a hospitalized psychiatric patient who when visited by his mother puts his arm around her only to have he stiffen (he’s wrong to do that), when he quickly withdraws his arm, his mother says “don’t you love me anymore?” (it was wrong to pull away) when he then blushes she scolds “you shouldn’t be so easily embarrassed and afraid of your feelings” (wrong again). He’s wrong if he shows his love, if he withdraws his love, and if he comments on the situation. Lose, lose, lose.

Direct and indirect. Direct is pointing out problematic communication patterns and indirect includes prescribing a paradoxical intervention. EG schedule fighting three hours per day.

180
Q

What is strategic family therapy? Whose name is associated with it?

A

Haley
combined structural and communication
he views the presenting problem as a communication act within the interactional pattern. underlying pathology is not addressed.

181
Q

What is the Milan group? What kind of therapy is it? What are the two key aspects of this theory?

A

Systemic family therapy
it’s a mix of general systems, cybernetics, strategic theory, communication, reframing, paradox. Feel there is a subsystem coalition trying to establish control

  1. circular questioning: gather information and introduce information into the family - members express their views on the relationships and differences between family members
  2. prescription rituals: you can prescribe different rituals or prescribe the same rituals such as parental outings framed as disappearances.
182
Q

What is Bowen family systems therapy?

A

healthy families operate as a balance of intellectual and emotional forces not as a single organism where the IP is part of the organism through which overt symptoms are expressed.

183
Q

What is multigenerational transmission process? Whose concept is it?

A

dysfunctional processes that have lasted in families for generations
Bowen

184
Q

What is an emotional triangle and whose is it?

A

Bowen

three party system where closeness of two members excludes a third

185
Q

Who originated the genogram?

A

Bowen

186
Q

What is social exchange theory? What theory is it under? Whose is it? What are caring days?

A

according to this theory, behaviors are maintained by its ratios of costs and benefits. the daily and weekly exchanges that occur between spouses lead to satisfaction or dissatisfaction. you agree to a quid pro quo.

One day of the week where you deliberately perform behaviors that have been requested by the other - must be “small” and not a focus of marital conflict

187
Q

What are some factors that Yalom does not believe conributes to effective group therapy? What is the most important factor?

A

leadership style, ideological school, and confrontation

cohesiveness

188
Q

What are yalom’s three stages of groups?

A

Forming, storming and norming (intimacy)

189
Q

What kinds of patients should be excluded from groups (6)? Which are most likely to drop out (7)?

A

brain damaged, hypochrondriacal, sociopathic, acutely psychotic or using drugs

significant denial, high degree of somatization, lower motivation, severe pathology, lower SES, low IQ, less likeable

190
Q

The National Center for Child abuse estimates that ____ children are mistreated each year and ___- ____ lead to death. Of children physically abused, ___% are under the age of 5, ___% are between 5 - 9, and ___% are between 10 - 14 and __% are between 15 and 18. ___% of all abuse cases were _____. ____% of physical abuse perpetrators are female.

A

1,000,000
2,000 - 4,000 (.2 - .4%)
32% (

191
Q

____ - ______ new cases of sexual abuse are reported every year and this is grossly underreported. ___% of the time a family member is the perp. The most common perps are ______. Father-daughter incest often involves _____ mother and a daughter who _____, a father who ______, and _______. ___% of cases involve children under the age of ____. Sexual abuse peaks between the ages of ___ and ____.

A 
150,000 - 200,000
50%
fathers, stepfathers, older siblings, uncles
incapacitated mother
maternal daughter
abuses alcohol
overcrowding
192
Q

____% of women and ___% of men reported being raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner (2000). Which is more common violence against men or women? ___% of women and ___% of men report being stalked.

__% of women in heterosexual relationships, ___% of women in lesbian relaitonships, ___% of men in gay relationships and ___% of men in heterosexual relationships report being raped, phsysically assaulted or stalked. The variable most likely to predict the likelihood of violence is _____. The research suggests the perp changes only when the woman ____. The best long term results follow _____. What is the difference between expressive and instrumental abuse? Which does better in tx?

alcohol is involved with ___% of rape cases
Most rapists are between the ages of __ and __.
50% of rapists are ___ and 50% are ____. Rape usually occurs within ____. Most rapes are premeditated ___ by strangers and ____ by men known to the victim.

A 
25% of women (1 in 4) (1.5 million a year)
7.5% of men (800K a year)
women
8% of women
2% of men
22% of women (hetero)
11% of lesbians
23% of gay
7% of men (hetero)
presence of a verbally abusive partner
no longer tolerates the situation
the arrest of the husband
expressive:  less deliberate and due to difficulty managing emotions
instrumental:  deliberate attempt to use violence as a means of control
expressive does better in tx 
50% alcohol
14 - 24
white and black
race
1/3 strangers, 2/3 by known men
193
Q

If the divorce happens between the ages of 3 - 6, the child will feel _____. Between 7 - 12 the child will show _____. Recovery from divorce takes children __ - ___ years. Most children of divorce adjust well, ____ experience trauma. Children do better when there is ___ rather than when _____. Initially, ____ seem to adjust better to divorce but they become increasingly vulnerable in adolescence and if the mother remarries. The most difficult relationship in blended families is ___ and ___. _____ children do better with divorce than ____ children. In a large study, adult children of divorce had higher ___ and ____ and lower levels of ___ and ____.

A 
responsible
decreased school performance
3 - 5 years
1/3 (trauma)
is a divorce rather than living in a state of continued conflict
girls
stepmothers and stepdaughters
younger than older
levels of depression, marital problems, lower SES and health
194
Q

What is an effect size?

A

is a measure of standard deviation units of difference between treated and untreated subjects.

195
Q

The research says that the spontaneous improvement rate in therapy is ___%. After treatment, the average treated person is better off than ___% of the untreated sample. ___% of people were improved by the 8th session and __% were measurably improved within ____. Further reserach found that these gains —-. Which type of treatment was found to be most helpful?

A 
40%
80% (effect size of .85)
50%
75% within 6 months
stick
not any particular type

Treatment And Interventions (1 decks)

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