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1
Q

anacrusis

A

unstressed pickup or lead-in note or group of notes that precedes the first accented note

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2
Q

appoggiatura

A

embellishing note/ ornamentation
(share half the time)

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3
Q

acciaccatura

A

short grace note/ crushed

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4
Q

pedal point

A

note that’s held through changing harmony (typically in bass)

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5
Q

tierce de picardie

A

major chord ending a piece of music in a minor key

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6
Q

florid ornamentation

A

embellished with ornaments

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7
Q

eg of ornaments

A
  • trill
  • mordent
  • turn
  • arpeggio
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8
Q

arpeggio

A

spreading a chord

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9
Q

tenuto

A

hold and sustain note for full length (characterised by a straight line above the note)

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10
Q

sinfonia

A
  • italian word for symphony
  • overture / an orchestral piece played at beginning
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11
Q

partita

A

collection of different dance movements (typically for a solo instrument or chamber ensemble)

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12
Q

suite

A

collection of smaller pieces which can be played one after another

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13
Q

pieces in partita 2

A
  • sinfonia
  • allemande
  • courante
  • sarabande
  • rondeau
  • capriccio
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14
Q

BWV

A

Bach Work Catalogue

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15
Q

who made BWV

A

German musicologist Wolfgang Schmieder

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16
Q

Bach’s birth and death years

A

1685-1750

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17
Q

nationality of Bach

A

german

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18
Q

how many partitas did bach write

A

6 in total, published together as keyboard practice

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19
Q

bachs contemporaries

A
  • telemann (Gr)
  • handel (Gr)
  • Vivaldi
  • Scarlatti (Italian)
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20
Q

episode

A

elements found in music that is a digression (shift) from the main structure of the composition

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21
Q

subject

A

recognisable melody/ theme

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22
Q

countersubject

A

theme in one voice that accompanies the statement of the subject in another

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23
Q

fermata

A

note should be prolonged beyond the normal duration its note value would indicate (shown by a curve line and a dot above note)

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24
Q

staccatissimo

A

played extremely separated and distinct/ a superlative staccato (shown by a little triangle above note)

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25
Q

ostinato

A

motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice/ pitch

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26
Q

sonata

A

(italian word ‘to sound’) composition for 1 or 2 instruments in several contrasting movements

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27
Q

Hob

A

refers to the catalogue of Haydn’s work made by Anthony van Hoboken

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28
Q

XVI

A

contains all the piano sonatas by Haydn

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29
Q

Meneut

A

stately french dance in 3/4

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30
Q

trio

A

contrasting minuet

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31
Q

grave

A

slow and solemn

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32
Q

andante

A

at a walking pace

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33
Q

fugue

A

2 or more melodies going on at the same time (subject and countersubject and then developed)

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34
Q

sinfonia style

A

french style overture (dotted rhythms are typical)

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35
Q

haydn birth and death years

A

1732- 1809

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36
Q

nationality of haydn

A

austrian

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37
Q

haydn’s growth

A
  • early sonatas in gallant style (happy, festive, lighthearted) for teaching
  • other sonatas = period of artistic development (storm and stress period)
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38
Q

storm and stress period

A
  • explore new elements
  • use of minor keys
  • high degree of dramatic character
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39
Q

why did Haydn exemplify sensitive style (empfindsamer stil) in his sonatas

A
  • imitating gestures of keyboard writing seen in CPE Bach’s works
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40
Q

did haydn write for the piano

A
  • harpsichord at first
  • then switched to fortepiano with lighter touch and mechanism
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41
Q

galant style

A

happy, festive, lighthearted

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42
Q

homophonic

A

melody supported by 1 or more lines of harmony

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43
Q

polyphonic

A

2 or more simultaneous lines of independent melody

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44
Q

monophonic

A

a single line of musical tones

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45
Q

bach work

A
  • organist for church when 15
  • conductor of court orchestra of prince leopold of cothen
  • cantor (singing master) at st. thomas church in Leipzig
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46
Q

bach’s other work

A
  • over 200 cantatas (mostly religious and some secular)
  • St John passion (story of jesus)
  • St Matthew passion (story of jesus)
  • 6 partitas
  • 6 french suite
  • 6 english suite
  • brandenburg concerto
  • well tempered clavier (the 48)
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47
Q

significance of the brandenburg concerto

A

usual concerto is for a solo instrument with a concerto however here, the role of the solo instrument is replaced by a small group of instrument

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48
Q

significance of the well tempered clavier (the 48)

A

bach demonstrates the ability to write in all major and minor keys

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49
Q

the 48

A

2 books of 24 preludes and fugues in all major and minor keys

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50
Q

chamber

A

a form of classical music for a small group of instruments

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51
Q

who did haydn work for

A
  • esterhazy family who was 1 of the richest and most influential Hungarian noble families
  • lead to the growth of haydns international reputation
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52
Q

what lead to increasing pop of haydn

A
  • a successful tours to london in 1790s
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53
Q

significance of haydn

A
  • one of the founders of classical style
  • father of the symphony
54
Q

why was haydn called the father of symphony

A

he made it more popular by transforming it from a type of light entertainment to strong, serious and intellectually vigorous art form

55
Q

who was haydn influenced by

A
  • mozart
  • JC bach
  • CPE bach
56
Q

who did haydn influence

A
  • beethoven
  • schubert
57
Q

allegro

A

fast

58
Q

presto

A

very fast

59
Q

adagio

A

slow

60
Q

allegro moderato

A

moderately fast

61
Q

sonata form

A

a musical structure commonly used in the first movements of classical sonatas, symphonies and concertos

62
Q

different stages of sonata form

A
  • exposition
  • development
  • recapitulation
63
Q

exposition

A

introduces two contrasting themes or subjects (1st in tonic/home key, 2nd in related/ dominant)

64
Q

development

A

expands and explores the themes introduced in the exposition (modulation and add tension)

65
Q

recapitulation

A

restates themes from exposition but in tonic key which resolves the harmonic tension

66
Q

ternary

A

in 3 parts

67
Q

binary

A

in 2 parts

68
Q

minuet and trio form

A
  • music structure commonly used in classical symphonies, string quartets and other instrumental works
  • consists of 2 contrasting sections
  • overall ABA structure
69
Q

mineut

A
  • stately, dance-like section typically in 3/4 time with moderate tempo
  • follow ABA form (A=theme, B=contrast)
70
Q

trio

A
  • contrasting middle section in 3/4
  • usually lighter in texture and more lyrical
  • similar structure ABA
71
Q

theme and variation form

A

a musical structure where a theme is presented and then altered in a series of variations

72
Q

theme

A

a clear, recognisable melody is introduced, often in a simple form

73
Q

variations

A
  • each variation takes the theme and changes certain elements (rhythm, harmony, melody, tempo, texture)
  • the theme remains recognisable but is transformed in creative ways.
74
Q

brahm’s nationality

A

german

75
Q

brahms birth and death year

A

1833-1897

76
Q

who was brahms influenced by

A

robert schumann and his wife clara

77
Q

robert’s role in brahm’s life

A

talents were recognised by robert schumann in 1853 and lived with schumann family from 1854 til 1897

78
Q

connection between brahms and schumann

A
  • protege of robert
  • deep friendship with clara
79
Q

protege

A

guided and supported by older and more experienced or influential person

80
Q

contemporaries of brahms

A
  • schumann
  • liszt
  • schubert
81
Q

other works by brahms

A
  • 2 piano concertos
  • 4 symphonies
  • german requiem
  • 1 violin concerto
82
Q

what else did brahms favour

A

classical style

83
Q

intermezzo

A

short connecting instrumental movement in an opera or other musical work/ for a solo instrument

84
Q

late romanticism

A
  • pushed boundaries of tonality with more complex harmonies
  • told stories or conveyed specific emotional narratives
85
Q

bartok nationality

A

hungarian

86
Q

bartok birth and death years

A

1881-1945

87
Q

folk dances

A

a popular dance considered as part of the tradition of a particular people or area

88
Q

names of the 6 dances

A
  • stick dance
  • sash dance
  • in one spot
  • dance from bucsum
  • romanian polka
  • fast dance
89
Q

mode for 1 (stick dance)

A
  • A dorian
  • Aeolian
90
Q

mode for 2 (sash dance)

A

D dorian

91
Q

mode for 3 (in one spot)

A

B dorian

92
Q

mode for 4 (dance from bucsum)

A

A phrygian

93
Q

mode for 5 (romanian polka)

A

D lydian

94
Q

mode for 6 (fast dance)

A
  • D lydian
  • C lydian
  • C mixolydian
  • A mixolydian
95
Q

contemporaries bartok

A
  • debussy
  • stravinsky
  • kodaly
96
Q

other piano works of bartok

A
  • Mikrokosmos
  • 3 concertos
  • 1 sonata
  • 1 sonatina
  • 1 rhapsody
97
Q

what are mikrokosmos

A
  • progressive piano pieces in 6 volumes
98
Q

moderato

A

moderate tempo

99
Q

what inspired bartok

A
  • nationalism
  • folk tunes
100
Q

baroque style

A
  • highly-ornamented
  • overly decorative
  • polyphonic (many voices and sounds at same time)
  • terrace dynamics
101
Q

terrace dynamics

A

sudden change in dynamics (loud and quiet)

102
Q

classical style

A
  • emphasis on structure, form, key relationships
  • 4 bar phrases =repetitive, easy to remember melody
103
Q

romantic style

A
  • emphasis on individual expression. emotions
  • rich harmonies
  • elaborate melodies
  • expanded structure
104
Q

modern style

A
  • broke away from traditional harmony and melody
  • more harsh, disjointed, aggressive
  • dissonance
  • modes
105
Q

dissonance

A

lack of harmony among musical notes

106
Q

did bach write any concertos or orchestral works

A
  • yes, he wrote several harpsichord concertos, violin concertos and indeed a concerto for 2 violins.
  • 6 brandenburg concertos
  • 4 orchestral suites
107
Q

how many cantatas did bach write

A

over 200

108
Q

did bartok move anywhere

A

yes, he moved to NY in 1940

109
Q

why did he move to NY in 1940

A

due to the spread of fascism

110
Q

bartoks roles/ jobs

A

hungarian composer, pianist, teacher

111
Q

haydn other works

A
  • 106 symphonies
  • over 50 piano sonatas
  • over 80 string quartets
112
Q

string quartet

A
  • a group of four musicians who play string instruments
  • 2 violin, 1 viola, 1 cello
113
Q

mass

A
  • sung religious service
  • do tell stories but no plots
114
Q

aria

A
  • song in opera
115
Q

cantata

A
  • short medium work
  • religious or secular
116
Q

oritorio

A
  • religious story with plot
  • like opera but not performed/acted
  • long work
117
Q

opus

A

work or group of works

118
Q

opus 118

A
  • dedicated to clara schumann
  • composed in 1893
119
Q

opus 118 other works

A
  • Intermezzo in A minor
  • Intermezzo in A major
  • Ballade in G minor
  • Intermezzo in F minor
  • Romance in F major
  • Intermezzo in E flat minor
120
Q

order of majors with sharps

A
  • G
  • D
  • A
  • E
  • B
  • F#
  • C#
121
Q

order of majors with flats

A
  • F
  • B♭
  • E♭
  • A♭
  • D♭
  • G♭
  • C♭
122
Q

minor rule

A

same sharp and flat as relative major

123
Q

harmonic minor

A

raised 7th

124
Q

melodic minor

A
  • raised 6th and 7th ascending
  • natural minor down
125
Q

eg of grace note

A
  • appoggiatura
  • acciaccatura
126
Q

bach works for keyboard

A
  • 7 concerto for 1 harpsichord
  • 3 concerto for 2
  • 2 concerto for 3
  • 1 concerto for 4
127
Q

dorian

A

D

128
Q

aeolian

A

A

129
Q

phrygian

A

E

130
Q

lydian

A

F

131
Q

mixolydian

A

G

132
Q
A

general knowledge (1 decks)

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