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all-1717273418 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main aspects of migration and globalisation?

A
  • feminisation of migration
  • globalisation of the gender division of labour : female migrants are given
    stereotyped roles as carers or providers of sexual services
  • migrant identities - ERIKSEN 2007 - transnational identities
  • glbalisation causes the back and forth movement between cultures so they dont
    see themselves as belonging to one
  • they develop TN culture
  • modern tech means we can do this w out travel
  • migration and policies
  • policies exist to control migration these policies have been linked to
    aanti-terrorism polcies
  • assimilation - encouageing migrants to intergrate
  • multiculturalism - accepts migrants desire to retain seperate cultural
    identity but in practice it is limited and superficial like food (shallow
    diversity)
  • divided w/c assimilationist ideas may encourage blaming of unemployment on
    migrants
  • differentiation

Cohen (2006) says there’s class differences between migrants. distinguishes
between :

> Citizens (full rights, e.g. voting rights)

> Denizens (privileged foreign nationals, e.g. billionaire ‘oligarchs’)

> Helots (disposable labour power found in unskilled, poorly paid work. they
include illegally trafficked workers)

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2
Q

outline difference between push and pull factor

A

‘PUSH’ factors : e.g. unemployment and economic recession

‘PULL’ factors : e.g. higher wages or better opportunities

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3
Q

sociological explanations on the ageing population

A

PHILLIPSON (MARXIST):

The old are of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive and an
economically dependent group, adding to the dependency ratio.

HUNT (POSTMODERNIST):

We can choose our identity no matter what our age is: our age no longer
determines who we are. As a result of this, the elderly become a market for body
maintenance and rejuvenation services and goods, such as cosmetic surgery, gym
membership and anti-ageing products.

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4
Q

reasons for ageing population

A

The average age in the UK isincreasing because of:

  • Increased life expectancy
  • Low infant mortality rate
  • Declining fertility
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5
Q

what are the effects of an ageing population

A

1)strain on public service

(older people consume more health and social services)

2)more one person pensioner households

(now accts for 1/7 households)

3)rising dependency ratio

(the non-working need to be provided for by those of working age)

4)agism

(age statuses are socially constructed and old age is often constructed as
negitive)

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

impact of declining birth rate

A
  • more women can go into work which means there are more dual earner couples
  • fewer children reduces the ‘burden of dependency’ on the working population
  • effect on public services : there are fewer schools and child health services
    needed. less needs to be spent on maternity and paternity leave.
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8
Q

whareasons for the decline in birth rate

A

1) CHANGES IN POSITION OF WOMEN - increased educational oppourtunities, more
women in paid work, change in attitude in family life, wider access to abortion
and contraception

2)FALL IN INFANT MORTALITY RATE - improved housing, sanitation, nutrition,
knowledge or hygiene, improved tech, antibiotics

3)CHILDREN AS AN ECONOMIC LIABILITY - laws banning child labour + compulsary
education = children remain economically dependant for longer, social norms of
childrens rights changed making them more spenny

4)CHILD CENTREDNESS - childhood is a socially constructed unique stage of life,
focus is changed to quality not quantity meaning they have fewer yutes but more
attention on each

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9
Q

define total fertility rate

A

number of births per 1000 of population per year

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10
Q

domestic violence : materialist explanation

COUPLES

A
  • lack of resources : Wilkinson + Pickett (2010) say the result of stress on
    family caused by social inequality. families that lack resources means more
    stress and this increases the risk of DV
  • Marxist feminists like Ansley say that male workers exploited at work take out
    frustration on wives.

BUT:

  • fails to explain why not all male workers do DV
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11
Q

dobash and dobash - radical feminist view on dv

COUPLES

A
  • Dobash + Dobash : violence is triggered when husbands felt their authority was
    being challenged. they conclude that marriage legitimises violence by giving
    power to men.

BUT:

  • doesn’t explain violence against men or by women against husbands, kids and
    lesbian partners.
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12
Q

domestic violence : radical feminist explanation

COUPLES

A

men opress women mainly through the family

DV enables men to control women so it’s inevitable in patriarchal society

  • men also dominate the state. this is why police and courts fail to take DV
    seriously.
  • Dobash + Dobash : violence is triggered when husbands felt their authority
    was being challenged. they conclude that marriage legitimises violence by giving
    power to men.

BUT:

  • doesn’t explain violence against men or by women against husbands, kids and
    lesbian partners.
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13
Q

statistics on dv

COUPLES

A

1 in 6 men expirince it

1 in 4 women expirience it

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14
Q

what are the two explanations for inequalities in decision making between
couples?

COUPLES

A

MATERIAL

> men have more power bc they earn more

> women are more economically dependent so have less say

CULTURAL

> feminists say gender role socialisation in patriarchal society instils the
idea that men are decision makers.

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15
Q

according to pahl and voglers what wys is money split between couples

COUPLES

A

Pahl + Vogler (1993):

  • allowance system : men work and give their non-working wives an allowance.
    they budget this to meet the family’s needs.
  • pooling : partners work and have joint responsibility for spending (e.g. joint
    bank accounts)
  • there’s a big increase in pooling but men still tend to make major decisions.
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16
Q

link between decision making and paid work

COUPLES

A
  • men have a greater control and say over decisions because they earn more.

Pahl + Vogler (1993):

  • allowance system : men work and give their non-working wives an allowance.
    they budget this to meet the family’s needs.
  • pooling : partners work and have joint responsibility for spending (e.g. joint
    bank accounts)
  • there’s a big increase in pooling but men still tend to make major decisions.
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17
Q

cultural explanation of the gender division of labour COUPLES

A
  • patriarchal norms shape gender roles. women perform more domestic work because
    that’s what society expects and has socialised them to do.
  • Kan (2001) : younger men do more domestic work showing that its due to gender
    norms as younger generations break down these norms
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18
Q

material explanation of the gender division of labour

COUPLES

A
  • women earn less than men, so it’s economically rational for them to do more
    domestic labour
  • Ramos (2003) : where the woman is the FT breadwinner and the man is
    unemployed, they do equal amounts of domestic work
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19
Q

list ways in which couples are considered to be becoming more equal or not

COUPLES

A

for

  • increase in same sex couples
  • MOP

agasinst

  • responbility for children
  • triple shift + dual burden
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20
Q

more equality in couples : same-sex couples and gender scripts

COUPLES

A
  • radical feminists argue that heterosexual relationships are inevitably
    patriarchal and unequal, even when both are in paid work. this contrasts w
    same-sex relationships.
  • lesbian couples : don’t link gender to household tasks. they’re more open to
    negotiation and therefore more equal
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21
Q

more equality in couples : responsibility for ‘quality time’

COUPLES

A
  • women take responsibility for managing the family’s quality time
  • leads to what Dunscombe and Marsden call the ‘triple shift’
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22
Q

more equality in couples : responsibility for children

COUPLES

A
  • fathers help with specific tasks but mum takes responsibility for the child’s
    well-being
  • Dex + Ward : only 1% of fathers took the main responsibility for caring for a
    sick child
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23
Q

feminist perspective on if there is more equality in couples

COUPLES

A

NO

  • dual burden : paid + domestic work
  • triple shift : emotion work, paid work + domestic work
  • responsible for children
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24
Q

what are the 2 types of conjugal roles according to Bott

COUPLES

A

MOP VIEW : Bott (1957)

  • established 2 types of conjugal roles:

1) segregated : sharp division of labour between male BW and female HM. spend
leisure time separately

2) joint : couples share domestic tasks and leisure time.

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25
Q

is domestic division of labour equal : symmetrical family

MOP

COUPLES

A

Young and Willmott studied segregated conjugal roles in wc families in Bethnal
Green during the 1950s.

MOP VIEW : Young + Willmott ( 1973)

  • see a long-term trend towards joint conjugal roles and the symmetrical family.

-roles are more equal and similar:

-more women go out to work

  • men help w domestic tasks

caused by

  • improved tech(labour saving devices)
  • changes in womens position
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26
Q

is domestic division of labour equal : Feminist perspective

COUPLES

A
  • reject the MOP view because the family is still patriarchal women still do
    most of the housework and childcare

ANN OAKLEY - tasks which men do a few and far between while also being easier
in nature

  • she found husbands are more likely to work in childcare than housework as it
    is more pleasing
    • Oakley (1974) : no evidence of symmetry in domestic labour. men’s role has
      been exaggerated. ‘helping’ could just mean ironing their own shirts once a
      week.
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27
Q

domestic division of labour : functionalist view

COUPLES

A

Parsons (1995)

  • two roles that are based on biological differences. they benefit both spouses,
    their children and wider society.

1) expressive : female nurturer and carer.

2) instrumental : male breadwinner, financially responsible

  • the New Right agree with this.
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28
Q

social policy

outline employment protection act

A

1975 - EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION ACT

-prior women had maternity leave buy were often sacked

how does this affect the family?

  • maternity pay increases for more children
  • increased sizes of families

pro nuclear family?

  • underminded gender roles
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29
Q

general maternity + paternity laws

SOCIAL POLICY

A

men are only entitled to up to 2 weeks

women could go up to 39 weeks or 52 weeks unpaid

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30
Q

social policy

outline the civil partnership act

A

2004 - CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT

-gave gay people same rights as those in civil marriage such as exemption on
inheretence tax pension ebniofits e.t.c

how does this affect the family?

  • increase in legally recognised same-sex couples
  • same-sex couples became more visible

pro nuclear family?

  • undermines
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31
Q

social policy

outline the 1969 divorce act

A

1969 - DIVORCE ACT

prior one partner had to prove the other was ‘at fault’ to gain divorce

how does this affect the family?

  • rapid increase in divorce
  • increase in lone-parent + step family

pro nuclear family?

  • undermined
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32
Q

how does this affect the family

SOCIAL POLICY

A

1969 - DIVORCE ACT

-prior one partner had to prove the other was ‘at fault’ to gain divorce

how does this affect the family?

  • rapid increase in divorce
  • increase in lone-parent + step family

pro nuclear family?

  • undermined

1975 - EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION ACT

-prior women had maternity leave buy were often sacked

how does this affect the family?

  • maternity pay increases for more children
  • increased sizes of families

pro nuclear family?

  • underminded gender roles

1974 - CHILD BENIFITS ACT

how does this affect the family?

  • increase in family size
  • increase in lone-parent families

pro nuclear family?

undermined

1988 - CHANGE TO CHILD BENINIFTS

-this is the abolisition of 50p extra lone parents

how does this affect the family?

  • reduction in lone parent families

pro nuclear family?

  • supported

2004 - CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT

-gave gay people same rights as those in civil marriage such as exemption on
inheretence tax pension ebniofits e.t.c

how does this affect the family?

  • increase in legally recognised same-sex couples
  • same-sex couples became more visible

pro nuclear family?

  • undermines

2005 - ADOPITON ACT

how does this affect the family?

  • increase in same - sex families

pro nuclear family?

  • undermined

2013- MEANS TESTED CHILD BENIFITS

how does this affect the family?

  • no child benifits for people who earn over 60k
  • possible reduction in larger familes

pro nuclear family?

  • neutral

2013 - PATERNITY ACT +

2015 - SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE

how does this affect the family?

  • greater eqality between gender roles
  • increased no. of male role models

pro nuclear family?

  • undermines tradional gender roles

2017 - 2 CHILD TAX CREDIT POLICY

  • no extra benifit after 2nd child
  • decrease in larger families
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33
Q

general definition for social policy

SOCIAL POLICY

A

plans and actions of state agencies such as health and social services and the
welfare system or other bodies.

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34
Q

reasons for the changes in patterns of lone parent families

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

-increase in lone parent families lead to this when they find bf or gf

-

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35
Q

statistic of step families

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

10% of all families

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36
Q

reasons for changes in lone parent families + new right opinion

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

-decline stigma

-increased divorce

charles murray-

caused by overgenerous welfare causing welfare dependency

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37
Q

reasons for change in childbearing

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

there is a increase in birth outside marriage due to decline in stigma and
increase cohabitation

• later age for women having children and them having smaller famalies is due to
women’s change in position. as they carry out education for longer and also
childcenterdness wanna focus more on heir children and children costs for
bringing them up are increasing

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38
Q

social policies introduced over gay rights

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

2004 civil right patnership that sex couples have similar legal rights such as
pensions , inheritance , properties

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39
Q

reasons for increase number of cohabitation

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

• decline in stigma in 1989 44% people agreed with sex outside marriage but now
raised to 65%

• young people are more likely to accept cohabitation

• increased career opportunities women need less financial security

• young people with no religion are more likely to

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40
Q

why has remarriage numbers increased

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A
  • more divorces which has resulted in more re-marriages from at least one
    partner
41
Q

reasons for change of pattern of marriage

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A
  1. changing attitudes of marriage

less pressure to marry as people have more freedom for individuals to choose the
relationship and path they want

  • not a norm now for people to get married and live together for ever
  1. secularisation
  • the churches are in favour of marriage but as influences decline people feel
    more freer choose not to get married as there is less pressure by their religion
    also churches may not marry people who want to remarry
  1. decline in stigma attached to marriage
  • isn’t stigmatised or seen bad to cohabit or have kids outside marriage or to
    not be marriaged

70% in 1989 believed that couples who want children should wait until there
married but now only 42% believe this

  1. changes in position of women
  • better educational opportunities their less economically dependent on men
    which means they don’t have to marry due to money and may not have as much time
    for children or marriage
  1. fear of divorce
  • rising divorce rates means that many people are put off that their marriage
    may end in divorce so there may not be a point
42
Q

reasons for higher divorce rates

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

1) changes in law

  • 19th century was mad hard to divroce
  • 1923 law so both genders can divorce
  • divorces became cheaper in 1949

2) womens position

3)stigma

4)secularisation

5) rising expectations of marriage

fletcher - FUNCTIONALIST - due to ppl expecxting sm due to media they go to
remary

6)

43
Q

statistics to show change in rate of divorces

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

2001 was 6 times higher than 1961

44
Q

what causes changes occour to families and households

CHANGING PATTERNS IN FAMILY

A

1)divorce

2)re-marriges

3)cohabitation

4)one-parent households

5)choosing to marry later in life

45
Q

HOW HAS POSITION OF CHILDREN IMPROVED

A

MARCH OF PROGRESS

young + wilmot: although socity isnt fully equal it is reducing
inequality(general theory)

  • protected from harm (child labour laws)
  • provided specialist to help flourish (teachers)

CHILD CENTEREDNESS

victorian era - children are seen not heard

present - focal point of family and centre of decisions made

  • this is bcs of less hours in working week from 70-80 hours to 43 + smaller
    family

LEGAL IMPROVEMNT

  • compulsary education
46
Q

disapperence of childhood

jenks

A

claims not disapearing but changing

having children in modern day is attempt for adults to grasp stability in
unstable society

because of this goal from having yutes parents become more prtective

this gives chilodren a seperate status as they need protection and survelience

47
Q

REASONS FOR CHANGE IN POSITION OF CHILDREN

outline:Declining family size and lower infant mortality rates

A

These have encouraged parents to make a greater financial and emotional
investment in the fewer children they now have

48
Q

REASONS FOR CHANGE IN POSITION OF CHILDREN

outline: Child protection and welfare legislation

A

The 1989 Prevention of Cruelty to Childrrn Acf

(social services)

49
Q

REASONS FOR CHANGE IN POSITION OF CHILDREN

List reasons as to why the position of children improved in the 19th and 20th
centuries

A

Laws restricting child labour

The introduction of compulsory schooling

Child protection and welfare legislation

Declining family size and lower infant mortality rates

Laws and policies specifically for children- smoking, sex

50
Q

historical changes in childhood

industrial era + modern era

A

this is where ARIES argues where childhood began to be socially constructed

restrictions were placed on child labour

schools were more coomon

phase of childhood was created where dchildren were dependent on adults

this leads to modern era where children are seen as needing to be protected and
hold innocence due to being part of a seperate culture to adults

51
Q

historical changes in childhood

19th century

A

children worked in factories

equal shifts to adults

equal punishemnt by law in court

52
Q

historical changes in childhood

16th and 17th century

A
  • phippe ARIES:

showed that childhood did not exist as when out of infacy dstsge they worked in
community and were seen as miniature adults

  • portraits of these children depicted them as mini adults
53
Q

how has postmoderninity changed the family

A

rise of consumer culture + individual choice

  • people expect choice over what good or service they buy which also applies to
    relationships

technological changes and media saturation

  • dating apps lead to serial monogomy

changes to work

  • less time for relationshiops casuing more breakdown

change to gender norms

  • lgbt families

decline of religion

  • divorce + lgbt

globvalisation

  • ethnic diversity in family type
54
Q

what do postmodernist argue in contexct of families

A

in postmodern society there isnt one typical famioly type

Since the 1950s we have seen a shift to a postmodern society
[https://revisesociology.com/2016/04/09/from-modernity-to-post-modernity/] which
is more global, fragmented (fractured), culturally diverse, consumerist, media
saturated,

Individualisation thesis

traditional social structures has lost power

people now have freedom to decide how to live their life

55
Q

new right view on the role of the family

A

the nuclear family is only type to socialise properly

murray

introduction of welfare state and increase in single parent family has caused an
overall decline in morality in society

  • ev- Children from broken homes are nine times more likely to become young
    offenders.
56
Q

what is the liberal feminist perspective on the role of the family

A

dont blame family but blame patriarchy outside of family

unequal m aternity pay blocks women from workforce as it implies women must
leave for longer than men

no free child cvrae blocks women from re-entering work

57
Q

what is the radical feminist perspective on the role of the family

A

allows for patriarchy by:

disagree w leberal femi view that increase in womens paid work is good

women have aquired a dual burden

some argue in triple shift

allows for dv

58
Q

what is the marxist feminist oersoective on the role of the family

A

1) women reproduce the labour force

  • socialise children to accept authority as they are left to do most childcare

2) women absorb anger

  • ansley - women are takers of shit
  • after men get mad at work

3)reserve army of cheap labour

  • bcs family restricts women to work they are there as backup if men try strike
  • eval - low gap in emplyment rate
59
Q

criticiss of marxist view on the rolke of the family

A
  • ignores the poituive funbctions of family and its benifts - functionalists
  • Anthropologists have suggested that the emergence of the nuclear family
    didn’t actually coincide with the emergence of capitalism
60
Q

what is zaretsky view on the role of the family

(marxist)

+eval

A

FAMILY IS UNIT OF CONSUMPTION

family props up capitalism as they are consumers and create the workforce and
then provide confort to these workers when exploited

CUSHIONING EFFECT

unlike parsons this specifies comfort for men after oppresion at work preventing
revolutioun

  • eval - marxist feminist point out lack of notuice of how peak this is on
    girls
61
Q

what is engels view on the role of the family

(marxist)

A
  • monogomous nuclear family exists as a means of passing down private property
    so the wealthy maintain their wea;th
  • womens position in family is similar to prostituties- split deal for sex and
    money
62
Q

what is althussers view on the role of the family

(marxist)

A

its an ideologicak state apparatus - supress the w/c by manipulating the way we
think

63
Q

what does PARSONS argue the role of the family is

(functionalist)

A

-primary socialisation - for kids

personality stabilastion - emotional support for adults from pressure due to
society

warm bath theory - sooths problems away

64
Q

what does MURDOCK argue the role of family is

(functionalist)

A

studied 250 socities and found -

4 main functions;

sexual - expressing sexuality in a socially approved context

reproduction

socialisation

economic - support and shelter for members

murdock sees this as neccesary in any society hence why nuclear family is found
in every society

65
Q

MARXIST view on social policy

A
  • prevent wcr - free education + healthcare is evidance of class struggle as
    w/c won these rights out of the r/c fears
  • polciices are a smoke screen to hide the neagtives and make life seem better
  • maintain labour force - healthcare only is free to get everyone back to work
    as fast as possible
  • welfare is bad to force work even when poor and on benifits
66
Q

MURRAY - DEPENDENCY CULTURE

NEW RIGHT

A

culture of individuals whop take benifits rather than working

67
Q

NEW RIGHT

view on social policy

A

negative view -

  • threatens nuclear family - welfare encourages women to be single mothers
  • divorce is too easy
68
Q

FUNCTIONALIST

view on social policy

A

positive view -

  • takes pressure off of family responsibilities = allowing them to concentrate
    on proper socialisation
69
Q

Individualisation thesis

postmodern

A

postmodernist term:

traditional social structures has lost power

people now have freedom to decide how to live their life

70
Q

5 types of family rapport

~~~elaborate~~~

A

1 organisational diversity (some have joint and other have seperate conjugal
roles)

2 cultural diversity - different cultures have diff structures in family

3- social class diversity - different social classes have different family
structures

4-life stage diversity - family structure differs on life stage

5 generatiojnal diversity - older and younger generations have differeny views
and structures

71
Q

murray - view on lone parents

NEW RIGHT

A

murray - sees the growth of lone parent families as resulting in an
over-generous welfare state providing benifits for unmaried mothers

he thinks we gotta abolish welfare because it creates PERVERSE INSCENTIVES

72
Q

causes of lower marriage rates

A
  • its okay to have yute w out marriage now
  • declining stigma against alternative (cohabitation)
  • woman can now persue their own career
  • fear of divorce because it is shown in media to be so likely
73
Q

casues for increase in divorce

A
  • changes in law
  • declinng stigma against it
  • secularisation
  • womans increased financial dependency
  • society helping women to speak upon DV
74
Q

effects of aging population

A

public services -

  • older people require more healthcare

dependancy ratio increases as more dependants and less new workers

  • this can be fixed by immagration
75
Q

causes of ageing population

A

1 - increased life expectancey (better nutrition, better healthcare)

2- decrease in infant mortality(creates child centredness - in past people had
to have hella yutes to make up for dead ones)

3- declining fertility (more childless adults)

76
Q

vanashing children argument

A

that due to decrease in birth rate and amount of siblings and increase in
childless adults = children have less of voice (they loose power)

77
Q

Dependency ratio

A

the relationship between the size of the working population and the non working
(dependent) population

78
Q

reasons for decline of birth rate

~~~elaborate~~~~

A

-changes in womens poisition

-decline in infant mortality rate

-children are now economic liability (they dont work they just cost moeny)

-child centredness (shift from quantity to quality of life)

79
Q

Feminist view on family

A

liberal - patriarchy is outside of family

marxist - women reproduce labour force and soak the frustration men have from
labour

radical - allows for patrarchy dobash + dobash

80
Q

marxist view on family

+criticisms

A

ZARETSKY:

  • family is unit of consuption
  • cushioning effect

ENGELS

  • passing of private property
  • women are treated like prostirtutes

ALTHUSSER

  • isa

critcisms

-assume that nuclear family is only type of family

feminist- argue it ignores patriarchal symetry shown between family and society

functionalist - ignores how family helps make society harmonious

-anthropologists found begining of nuclear family did not coincide with begining
of capitalism

81
Q

functionalist view on the family

+criticisms of functionalist views

A

MURDOCK:

  • satisfaction of sex drive
  • reproduction of next generation
  • socialisation of youth
  • meeting members economic needs

PARSONS:

-primary socialisation - for kids

personality stabilastion - emotional support for adults from pressure due to
society

warm bath theory - sooths problems away

CRITICISM:

feminist- only satifies males needs neglecting women

marxist - sees family as serving to fit the needs of capotalism rather than
express need of the members

82
Q

disapperence of childhood

POSTMAN

+eval

A

POSTMAN - argues that tv culture broke down boundaries between children and
adults

information heirachy of the past allowed adults to hide non-approprate info like
on sex money and violence - this made kids ignorance and innocent

tv culture blurs the boundary as no special skils like reading or navigating
info is required to consume info

eval-Opie (1993) did a number of years worth of research into children’s
unsupervised games, rhymes and songs and argues that there is still strong
evidence of the continued existence of separate children’s culture

83
Q

reasons behind the change in position of childrenm

A

-law resticting child labour

-forced to go school

-child protection services (social services)

-children gaining rights (educatiojn, protetcion from abuse)

-declining infant mortality rate allos for more effort per child and less
chilodren

-industrialisation requires educated workforce (forces education)

84
Q

the ‘modern cult of childhood’ `

A

schools are undewr influence of church making us protect children as ‘creatures
of god’

childrens clothing began to differ to make a distinction - claiming its more
appropriate

books on how to raise child is evidance of child centredness

85
Q

parental attitudes to children in the middle ages

A

higher death rate due to neglegence

because of this ppl had hella kids to make up for dead ones

this leads to more neglevct as there is more of them hence the idea of
responsibility is diluted

86
Q

ARIES view of childhood in the middle ages

A

children entered society on the same terms as adults

  • mini adults
  • -started working asap
  • -same duties as adults

evidance - art from the middle ages children were mini adults wearing same
clothes doing same tasks

87
Q

non western view of childhood

A

-taking responsibility at very early age

PUNCH - rural bolivia - children work from 5

-less value placed on children being obediant

FIRTH- tikopia - children arent submissive to elders

-childrens sexual behaviour is viewd differently

MALLINOWSKI - south pasicific islanders - ammusment to children sex

-not as much child protection laws

this shows that childhood is a social contrsuct as it varies between cultures

88
Q

western view of childhood

PLITCHER

A

plitcher - childhood is a seperate clear and distinct life stage where children
are protected

ev-Opie (1993) did a number of years worth of research into children’s
unsupervised games, rhymes and songs and argues that there is still strong
evidence of the continued existence of separate children’s culture

89
Q

why is childhood a social contruct

A

the expiriences of childhood depend on the time period, locationand culture

it is created by socities and made to seem as the norm

90
Q

dual burden

COUPLES

A

women must do paid and unpaid work (similar to triple shift minnus emotiojnal
work)

91
Q

sociological perspectives:

explanantions behind DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

A

RADICAL FEMINIST -

-Dv is widespread and is inevitable due to patriarchy

-male domination in state institutions helps to explain why its harder for
females to report incidents

Materialist -

-inequalities in income and housing explain why some groups are more at risk
than others

(those in lower social class are more likely to be effected )

MARXIST FEMINIST-

ANSLEY - describes women as ‘TAKERS OF SHIT’ + DV is result of capitalism (men
get frustrated at work and take it out on wife)

92
Q

examples of domestic violence

A

psychological

physical

verbal

sexual

financial

emotional

93
Q

triple shift

COUPLES

A

duscombe

the 3 types of work that create a burden for women :

paid work

domestic work

emotional work

94
Q

what social changes have helped make the family more equal

~~~~elaborate~~~~~

A
  • changes in women position
  • geographical mobility moving away from traditional homes
  • new technologies and labour savijng devices
  • hugher standards of living
95
Q

march of progress

  • young and wilmott (functionalists)

symetrical family

A

Young and Willmott studied segregated conjugal roles in wc families in Bethnal
Green during the 1950s.

as times are progressing there is a break from segregated congugal roles:

-women now go work

-men help with house and childcare

-couples now spend their leisure time together rather than away with freinds

96
Q

joint conjugal roles

A

bott-

where the couple share tasks such as housework and chilcare and spend their
leisure time togther

97
Q

segregated conjugal roles

A

bott-

where a couple have seperate roles;

male breadwinner

female home maker

expressive + instrumental

98
Q

parsons - division of labour

(funbctionalist)

A

instrumental role- husband breadwinner

expressive role - primary socialisation of the children and meeting the families
emotional needs

family socio (1 decks)

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