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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In which part of the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

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2
Q

What two ways are the alveoli adapted for maximum gas exchange?

A

Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls, moist walls

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3
Q

What are the two top chambers of the heart called?

A

Right atrium and left atrium

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4
Q

What are the two bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

Right ventricle and left ventricle

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5
Q

What blood vessel takes blood from the body to the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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6
Q

What blood vessel takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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7
Q

What blood vessel takes blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary vein

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8
Q

What blood vessel takes blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

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9
Q

What four things does blood consist of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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10
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

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11
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To break down food into small, soluble particles that be absorbed into the blood

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts (they speed up reactions)

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13
Q

Where is carbohydrase produced?

A

Mouth, pancreas and small intestine

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14
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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15
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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16
Q

Which direction does heat flow?

A

From hotter places to colder places

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17
Q

How does heat transfer through a solid?

A

Conduction

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18
Q

How does conduction happen?

A

Vibrations are passed on to neighbouring particles via collisions

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19
Q

What type of material is a good conductor?

A

A metal

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20
Q

What type of material is a poor conductor?

A

Non metals

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21
Q

What do we call a poor conductor of heat?

A

Insulator

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22
Q

What is a fluid?

A

A substance where the particles are free to move (liquid or a gas)

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23
Q

What is density?

A

Density is a measure of how many particles of a substance are in a given volume.

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24
Q

Why do liquids and gases rise when they are heated?

A

They become less dense

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25
Q

What is a vacuum?

A

An empty space, containing no particles

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26
Q

What is it called when waves bounce off a surface?

A

Reflection

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27
Q

What is it called when waves travel into a surface?

A

Absorption

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28
Q

What is it call when waves pass through a material?

A

Transmission

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29
Q

What type of surfaces are good emitters/absorbers of thermal radiation?

A

Dark, matt surfaces

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30
Q

What type of surfaces are good reflectors of thermal radiation?

A

Light, shiny surfaces

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31
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles in a plant cell that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis

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32
Q

Where does the energy needed for photosynthesis come from?

A

Light

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33
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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34
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small holes on the underside of the leaf through which carbon dioxide can enter and water and oxygen can leave

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35
Q

What do plants do with the glucose produced by photosynthesis?

A
  1. Use it for respiration 2. Store it as starch 3. Use it to make cell walls
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36
Q

What is the name of the chemical added to a leaf in order to test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

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37
Q

What colour change would you expect to see from iodine if starch is present?

A

Brown to blue-black

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38
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose

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39
Q

Where does respiration take place in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

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40
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

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41
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose → Lactic acid

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42
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

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43
Q

What is the process called in which yeast respire anaerobically to produce alcohol?

A

Fermentation

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44
Q

Why do your heart rate and breathing rate increase when you exercise?

A

To provide more oxygen to the muscles to increase the amount of aerobic respiration

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45
Q

What happens if not enough oxygen is received by muscles during exercise?

A

They will respire anaerobically, releasing lactic acid that will cause muscle fatigue

46
Q

What is a force?

A

A push or a pull, or a twist or turn

47
Q

What is the unit of force?

A

Newton, N

48
Q

What do we call forces that require touch to be felt?

A

Contact forces

49
Q

What do we call forces that act at a distance?

A

Non-contact forces

50
Q

What is the sum of all the forces acting on an object called?

A

Resultant force

51
Q

What do we say if the forces on an object are balanced?

A

The resultant force is zero

52
Q

What is a stationary object?

A

An object that is not moving

53
Q

What is the equation for calculating speed?

A

speed=distance/time

54
Q

What are the units of speed?

A

m/s

55
Q

What happens when there is a resultant force on an object?

A

It will accelerate (speed up or slow down)

56
Q

What happens when there no resultant force on an object?

A

It will remain stationary or remain at a constant speed/velocity

57
Q

How do we use the distance time graph to find the speed?

A

Calculate the gradient of the line

58
Q

How do we calculate a gradient on a distance time graph

A

Gradient=Change in y/Change in x = Change in distance/Change in time

59
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area

60
Q

How do we calculate pressure?

A

Pressure=Force/Area

61
Q

What is a reactant?

A

A starting material in a chemical reaction

62
Q

What is a product?

A

A new material produced in a chemical reaction

63
Q

metal + acid ->

A

salt + hydrogen

64
Q

metal + water ->

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

65
Q

metal + oxygen ->

A

metal oxide

66
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

List of metals arranged from most reactive to least reactive.

67
Q

What is a displacement reaction?

A

reaction where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound

68
Q

What is an ore?

A

A mineral that contains enough metal to extract economically

69
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Where a metal reacts to form a more stable compound which weakens the metal.

70
Q

What is rusting?

A

Where iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of water to form iron oxide

71
Q

Give one way rusting can be prevented

A

Painting, greasing, galvanising, making an alloy, coating in plastic, sacrificial protection

72
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of metals

73
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction where heat energy is released causing the surroundings to heat up

74
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction where heat energy is taken in causing the surroundings to cool down.

75
Q

What is combustion?

A

When a fuel burns in oxygen to release energy in the form of heat

76
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

77
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Fuel + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

78
Q

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Fuel + oxygen —-> carbon monoxide + water

79
Q

Why is carbon dioxide a problem?

A

Increases global warming which leads to climate change

80
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing

81
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA and controls the cell’s activities

82
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

83
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

It is a gel like substance where chemical reactions happen

84
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of respiration (energy release)

85
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

86
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens and supports the cell

87
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

88
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap which keeps the cell turgid (firm)

89
Q

What organelles are found in an animal cell?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, cytoplasm

90
Q

What are the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?

A

Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole, animal cells do not

91
Q

Give three examples of specialised cells in animals

A

Red Blood Cell, Nerve Cell, Muscle Cell

92
Q

Give two examples of specialised cells in plants

A

Root Hair Cell, Palisade Cell

93
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that carry out a specific function

94
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that carry out a specific function

95
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of different organs that carry out a specific function

96
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

The distance between two peaks of a wave

97
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

The number of waves passing a point in 1 second

98
Q

How are sound waves produced?

A

A vibrating object causes vibrations in the air

99
Q

What is a luminous object?

A

An object that produces light.

100
Q

What is a non-luminous object?

A

An object that does not produce light, but can be capable of reflecting light.

101
Q

How do we see non-luminous objects?

A

They reflect the light from a luminous object into our eyes.

102
Q

What is a transparent material?

A

A material that allows light to pass through it.

103
Q

What is a translucent material?

A

A material that allows some light to pass through it.

104
Q

What is an opaque material?

A

A material that does not allow light to pass through it.

105
Q

What surfaces are good reflectors (give 3 properties)?

A

Pale, smooth, shiny surfaces.

105
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

106
Q

What surfaces are poor reflectors (give 3 properties)?

A

Rough, matt, dark surfaces.

107
Q

What is refraction?

A

The bending of light rays when they enter a new medium.

108
Q

Why does refraction happen?

A

Because light changes speed as it enters a new medium.

109
Q

Why does a coloured object appear to be that colour?

A

Because it reflects light of that colour and absorbs all others.

End of year Science (1 decks)

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