all Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
In which part of the lungs does gas exchange occur?
A
Alveoli
2
Q
What two ways are the alveoli adapted for maximum gas exchange?
A
Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls, moist walls
3
Q
What are the two top chambers of the heart called?
A
Right atrium and left atrium
4
Q
What are the two bottom chambers of the heart called?
A
Right ventricle and left ventricle
5
Q
What blood vessel takes blood from the body to the right atrium?
A
Vena cava
6
Q
What blood vessel takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
A
Pulmonary artery
7
Q
What blood vessel takes blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
A
Pulmonary vein
8
Q
What blood vessel takes blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body?
A
Aorta
9
Q
What four things does blood consist of?
A
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
10
Q
What is the function of red blood cells?
A
To transport oxygen around the body
11
Q
What is the function of the digestive system?
A
To break down food into small, soluble particles that be absorbed into the blood
12
Q
What are enzymes?
A
Proteins that act as biological catalysts (they speed up reactions)
13
Q
Where is carbohydrase produced?
A
Mouth, pancreas and small intestine
14
Q
Where is protease produced?
A
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine
15
Q
Where is lipase produced?
A
Pancreas and small intestine
16
Q
Which direction does heat flow?
A
From hotter places to colder places
17
Q
How does heat transfer through a solid?
A
Conduction
18
Q
How does conduction happen?
A
Vibrations are passed on to neighbouring particles via collisions
19
Q
What type of material is a good conductor?
A
A metal
20
Q
What type of material is a poor conductor?
A
Non metals
21
Q
What do we call a poor conductor of heat?
A
Insulator
22
Q
What is a fluid?
A
A substance where the particles are free to move (liquid or a gas)
23
Q
What is density?
A
Density is a measure of how many particles of a substance are in a given volume.
24
Q
Why do liquids and gases rise when they are heated?
A
They become less dense
25
What is a vacuum?
An empty space, containing no particles
26
What is it called when waves bounce off a surface?
Reflection
27
What is it called when waves travel into a surface?
Absorption
28
What is it call when waves pass through a material?
Transmission
29
What type of surfaces are good emitters/absorbers of thermal radiation?
Dark, matt surfaces
30
What type of surfaces are good reflectors of thermal radiation?
Light, shiny surfaces
31
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles in a plant cell that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis
32
Where does the energy needed for photosynthesis come from?
Light
33
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
34
What are stomata?
Small holes on the underside of the leaf through which carbon dioxide can enter and water and oxygen can leave
35
What do plants do with the glucose produced by photosynthesis?
1. Use it for respiration 2. Store it as starch 3. Use it to make cell walls
36
What is the name of the chemical added to a leaf in order to test for starch?
Iodine solution
37
What colour change would you expect to see from iodine if starch is present?
Brown to blue-black
38
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose
39
Where does respiration take place in a cell?
Mitochondria
40
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
41
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose → Lactic acid
42
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
43
What is the process called in which yeast respire anaerobically to produce alcohol?
Fermentation
44
Why do your heart rate and breathing rate increase when you exercise?
To provide more oxygen to the muscles to increase the amount of aerobic respiration
45
What happens if not enough oxygen is received by muscles during exercise?
They will respire anaerobically, releasing lactic acid that will cause muscle fatigue
46
What is a force?
A push or a pull, or a twist or turn
47
What is the unit of force?
Newton, N
48
What do we call forces that require touch to be felt?
Contact forces
49
What do we call forces that act at a distance?
Non-contact forces
50
What is the sum of all the forces acting on an object called?
Resultant force
51
What do we say if the forces on an object are balanced?
The resultant force is zero
52
What is a stationary object?
An object that is not moving
53
What is the equation for calculating speed?
speed=distance/time
54
What are the units of speed?
m/s
55
What happens when there is a resultant force on an object?
It will accelerate (speed up or slow down)
56
What happens when there no resultant force on an object?
It will remain stationary or remain at a constant speed/velocity
57
How do we use the distance time graph to find the speed?
Calculate the gradient of the line
58
How do we calculate a gradient on a distance time graph
Gradient=Change in y/Change in x = Change in distance/Change in time
59
What is pressure?
Force per unit area
60
How do we calculate pressure?
Pressure=Force/Area
61
What is a reactant?
A starting material in a chemical reaction
62
What is a product?
A new material produced in a chemical reaction
63
metal + acid ->
salt + hydrogen
64
metal + water ->
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
65
metal + oxygen ->
metal oxide
66
What is the reactivity series?
List of metals arranged from most reactive to least reactive.
67
What is a displacement reaction?
reaction where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound
68
What is an ore?
A mineral that contains enough metal to extract economically
69
What is corrosion?
Where a metal reacts to form a more stable compound which weakens the metal.
70
What is rusting?
Where iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of water to form iron oxide
71
Give one way rusting can be prevented
Painting, greasing, galvanising, making an alloy, coating in plastic, sacrificial protection
72
What is an alloy?
A mixture of metals
73
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction where heat energy is released causing the surroundings to heat up
74
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction where heat energy is taken in causing the surroundings to cool down.
75
What is combustion?
When a fuel burns in oxygen to release energy in the form of heat
76
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only
77
What is the word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
Fuel + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water
78
What is the word equation for incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
Fuel + oxygen ----> carbon monoxide + water
79
Why is carbon dioxide a problem?
Increases global warming which leads to climate change
80
What is an organism?
A living thing
81
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA and controls the cell's activities
82
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what enters and exits the cell.
83
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It is a gel like substance where chemical reactions happen
84
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of respiration (energy release)
85
What is the function of the ribosome?
Protein synthesis
86
What is the function of the cell wall?
Strengthens and supports the cell
87
What is the function of the chloroplast?
Photosynthesis
88
What is the function of the vacuole?
Contains cell sap which keeps the cell turgid (firm)
89
What organelles are found in an animal cell?
Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, cytoplasm
90
What are the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?
Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole, animal cells do not
91
Give three examples of specialised cells in animals
Red Blood Cell, Nerve Cell, Muscle Cell
92
Give two examples of specialised cells in plants
Root Hair Cell, Palisade Cell
93
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells that carry out a specific function
94
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that carry out a specific function
95
What is an organ system?
A group of different organs that carry out a specific function
96
What is the wavelength of a wave?
The distance between two peaks of a wave
97
What is the frequency of a wave?
The number of waves passing a point in 1 second
98
How are sound waves produced?
A vibrating object causes vibrations in the air
99
What is a luminous object?
An object that produces light.
100
What is a non-luminous object?
An object that does not produce light, but can be capable of reflecting light.
101
How do we see non-luminous objects?
They reflect the light from a luminous object into our eyes.
102
What is a transparent material?
A material that allows light to pass through it.
103
What is a translucent material?
A material that allows some light to pass through it.
104
What is an opaque material?
A material that does not allow light to pass through it.
105
What surfaces are good reflectors (give 3 properties)?
Pale, smooth, shiny surfaces.
105
What is the law of reflection?
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
106
What surfaces are poor reflectors (give 3 properties)?
Rough, matt, dark surfaces.
107
What is refraction?
The bending of light rays when they enter a new medium.
108
Why does refraction happen?
Because light changes speed as it enters a new medium.
109
Why does a coloured object appear to be that colour?
Because it reflects light of that colour and absorbs all others.
