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Human Anatomy - head and neck > all > Flashcards

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1
Q

3 flat bones that make the roof of the skull

A

frontal
parietal
occipital

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2
Q

bones of the neurocranium

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
parietal (2)
temporal (2)

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3
Q

parts of the temporal bone

A

petrous: ridge that houses the hearing apparatus
squamous: flat portion

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4
Q

bones that form the orbit (7)

A

sphenoid
frontal
lacrimal
ethmoid
zygomatic
maxillary
paletine

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5
Q

pneumatized bones - contain air spaces, cells and sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
temporal

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6
Q

3 singular bones of the facial skeleton

A

mandible
ethmoid
vomer

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7
Q

6 paired bones of the facial skeleton

A

maxilla
inferior nasal concha
zygomatic
palatine
nasal
lacrimal

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8
Q

bones of the nasal septum

A

ethmoid (perpendicular plate)
vomer

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9
Q

bones of the hard palate

A

maxilla
palatine (horizontal portion)

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10
Q

3 foramina of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

A

foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum

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11
Q

bones that make the anterior cranial fossa

A

sphenoid (lesser wing)
ethmoid
frontal

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12
Q

bones that make the middle cranial fossa

A

sphenoid (greater wing)
temporal (squamous and petrous)

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13
Q

bones that make the posterior cranial fossa

A

occipital
temporal (petrous)

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14
Q

foramina in the cribiform plate (ethmoid) give access to…

A

the nasal cavity

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15
Q

superior orbital fissure and optic canal (sphenoid) gives access to…

A

the orbit

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16
Q

which nerve passes the crista Galli/cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

olfactory nerve

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17
Q

which bones does the sphenoid bone articulate with

A

occipital
frontal
ethmoid
vomer
temporal
parietal
zygomatic
paletine

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18
Q

parts of the sella turcica

A

anterior = tubercular sellae
posterior = dorsum sellae
middle = hypophyseal fossa
- also has anterior and posterior clinoid processes (“bedposts”)

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19
Q

6 processes of the sphenoid bone

A

2 lesser wings
2 greater wings
2 pterygoid processess (both have lateral + medial)

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20
Q

what 3 bones coming together make the foramen lacerum

A

sphenoid
temporal
occipital

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21
Q

what is the superior orbital fissue

A

cleft between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone which allow access to the orbit

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22
Q

parts of the brain

A

cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
cerebellum
brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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23
Q

what are the central and medial sulcus

A

central: separates frontal and parietal lobes
medial: inferior to frontal and parietal lobes

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24
Q

which parts of the brain occupy which cranial fossae

A

anterior: frontal lobe
middle: temporal lobe, midbrain
posterior: cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla

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25
Q

which cranial nerves have motor branches

A

CN3 (oculomotor)
CN4 (trochlear)
CN5 (trigeminal)
CN6 (abducent)

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26
Q

which cranial nerves have sensory branches

A

CN1 (olfactory)
CN2 (optic)
CN5 (trigeminal)

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27
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I)

A
  • sensory nerve for smell
  • has bulb and tract
  • pass through tiny foramina in cribiform plate to access nasal cavity
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28
Q

optic nerve (CN II)

A
  • sensory nerve for vision
  • gets from eye to middle cranial fossa between frontal and temporal lobes
  • optic chiasm: where 2 optic nerves meet before dividing again to form 2 optic tracts
  • optic chiasm is immediately anterior to pituitary gland
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29
Q

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A
  • chief motor nerve of extra-ocular muscles
  • emerges from midbrain, travels through cavernous sinus and enters the orbit via superior orbital fissure
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30
Q

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

A
  • motor nerve for the superior oblique muscle of the eye
  • emerges from posterior/lateral midbrain, passes anteriorly around brainstem to enter cavernous sinus and enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
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31
Q

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

A
  • motor nerve to the lateral rectal muscle of the eye
  • emerges from brainstem between pons and medulla, travels through cavernous sinus and enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
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32
Q

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A
  • has motor and sensory branches
  • emerges from lateral aspect of pons
  • has large sensory root and small motor root
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33
Q

cranial exits for major branches of trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic N (V1) = superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve (V2) = foramen rotundum
mandibular N (V3) = foramen ovale

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34
Q

motor vs sensory rolls of the trigeminal nerve

A

motor: muscles of mastication and 4 other small muscles
sensory: cutaneous sensation of the face + oral, nasal and sinus mucosa, teeth and tongue

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35
Q

which nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure

A

occulomotor
trochlear
ophthalmic (branch of trigeminal)
abducent

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36
Q

how is the dura mater of the brain different than that of the spine?

A

it has 2 layers…
periosteal layer: outer layer - adheres to inner aspect of the cranium
meningeal layer: inner layer

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37
Q

where is venous blood found in the cranium

A

between dural sinuses - reflections/infoldings of the inner layer of dura mater away from the outer layer

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38
Q

roles of cranial meningies

A
  1. protect the brain
  2. form supporting framework for vasculature and venous sinuses
  3. enclose the CSF filled subarachnoid space
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39
Q

what are the 4 dural infoldings

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

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40
Q

falx cerebri location

A

lies in longitudinal cerebral fissure, seperates cerebral hemespheres

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41
Q

tentorium cerebelli location

A

separates occipital lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum

42
Q

falx cerebelli location

A

inferior to tentorium cerebelli, partially separates cerebellar hemispheres

43
Q

location of diaphragma sellae

A

suspended between crinoid processes of sella turcica, covers pitiuitary gland

44
Q

what are dural-venous sinuses:

A
  • spaces within the dura mater which are the principal venous channels of the brain
  • veins from the surface of the brain empty into dural venous sinuses en route to the internal jugular vein
45
Q

how does CSF get transferred to the venous system

A

arachnoid granulations

46
Q

what are the major dural venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagital sinus
straight sinus
occipital sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
cavernous sinus

46
Q

which sinuses contribute to the confluence of sinuses

A

straight sinus
superior serial sinus
occipital sinus

47
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A
  • at superior border of falx cerebri
  • begins at crista galli, ends at confluence of sinuses
48
Q

inferior sagital sinus

A
  • at inferior border of falx cerebri
  • ends as the straight sinus
49
Q

straight sinus

A
  • runs along the line of attachment of falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
  • starts at inferior sagital sinus and joins the confluence of sinuses
50
Q

occipital sinus

A
  • lies in the posterior border of the falx cerebelli
  • ends superiorly at the confluence of sinuses
51
Q

transverse sinus

A
  • runs laterally from the confluence of sinuses in the posterior margin of the tentorium cerebelli
  • continuous with the sigmoid sinus
52
Q

sigmoid sinus

A
  • continuation of the transverse sinus
  • s shaped
  • after it passes through the jugular foramina continues as the inter jugular vein
53
Q

cavernous sinus

A
  • located bilaterally on sides of the sella turcica on the body of the sphenoid bone
54
Q

osteology associated with the tentorium cerebelli

A
  • posterior clinoid process
  • petrous portion of the temporal bone
55
Q

blood supply to the brain is derived from the…

A

internal carotid artery and vertebral artery

56
Q

path of the internal carotid artery

A
  • starts as crevical part when it branches from common carotid A
  • becomes the petrous part as it passes through the carotid canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
  • becomes the cavernous part in the cavernous sinus and follows an S shaped path
  • becomes cerebral part when it becomes intradural and gives branches to the cerebrum
57
Q

what branches does the internal carotid artery divide into

A

anterior cerebral A
middle cerebral A

58
Q

vertebral artery path to the brain

A
  • arise in the neck from subclavian artery
  • pass through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
  • enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum
  • left and right vertebral arteries meet at midline of brainstem to form basilar artery
59
Q

basilar artery gives these branches:

A

posterior cerebral A
branches to brainstem
superior cerebellar A
anterior inferior cerebellar A

60
Q

Main arteries associated with the brain

A

posterior inferior cerebellar A
vertebral A
basilar A
anterior inferior cerebellar A
superior cerebellar A
posterior cerebral A
posterior communicating A
internal carotid A
middle cerebral A
anterior cerebral A
anterior communicating A

61
Q

borders of the orbit

A

anterior wall = zygomatic, frontal, maxilla
medial wall = lacrimal, ethmoid
floor = palatine
posterior wall = sphenoid bone

62
Q

location of the common tendinous ring

A

surrounds optic canal and a portion of the superior orbital fissure

63
Q

rectus muscles of the eye

A

4 of them: superior, inferior, anterior and posterior
origin = common tendinous ring
insertion = sclera, anterior to equator of eyeball

64
Q

superior oblique muscle

A

origin = body of sphenoid bone
insertion = sclera, posterior to equator of eyeball
- redirected when it passes through trochlea to insert posteriorly

65
Q

what is the trochlea

A

a ring of fascia attached to the frontal bone that redirects the superior oblique muscle

66
Q

inferior oblique muscle

A

origin = orbital surface of maxilla
insertion = sclera, posterior to equator of eyeball

67
Q

levator palpebrae superiorus

A

origin = lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
inserts = superior eye lid
action = elevate superior eyelid

68
Q

eye muscle innervation

A

occulomotor nerve = superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superiorus
trochlear nerve = superior oblique
abducent nerve = lateral rectus

69
Q

which cranial nerves travel through the cavernous sinus

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI

70
Q

what makes up the zygomatic arch

A

the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

71
Q

movements of the TMJ

A

elevation - close mouth
depression - open mouth
protrusion - protrude chin
recursion - retrude chin
lateral movements - grinding and chewing

72
Q

what is the temporalmandibular joint (TMJ)

A

articulation between mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the head of the condyloid process of the mandible

73
Q

borders of the infra temporal fossa

A

lateral wall = ramus of mandible
medial wall = lateral pterygoid plate
anterior wall = maxilla
posterior wall = mastoid and styloid process of the temporal bone
roof = inferior surface of greater wing of the sphenoid bone

74
Q

how do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve exit the cranial cavity

A

ophthalmic = superior orbital fissure
maxillary = foramen rotundum
mandibular = foramen ovale

75
Q

masseter features

A

origin = zygomatic arch at zygomatoc bone
insertion = ramus of mandible: angle and lateral surface
action = elevate and protrude mandible

76
Q

temporalis features

A

origin = temporal fossa
insertion = coronoid process of mandible
action = elevate and retract mandible

77
Q

lateral pterygoid muscle features

A

origin of superior head = greater wing of sphenoid
origin of inferior head = lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
insertion = neck of condyloid process of mandible
actions = protrude mandible and side to side movement

78
Q

medial pterygoid muscle features

A

origin of deep head = medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
origin of superficial head = tuberosity of maxilla
insertion = medial surface of mandible
action = elevate and protrude mandible, produce grinding motion

79
Q

TMJ muscle insertion

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

80
Q

CN V3 receives sensation from…

A

side of head
skin of face over mandible
lower lip
mandibular (lower) teeth
TMJ
mucosa of mouth
anterior 2/3 of tongue

81
Q

main branches of CN V3 (mandibular nerve)

A

ariculotemporal nerve
inferior alveolar nerve
buccal nerve
lingual nerve
inferior dental plexus
mental nerve
branches to muscles of mastication

82
Q

most distal branches of the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A

V1 = supra-orbital nerve through supra-orbital foramen
V2 = infra-orbital nerve through infra-orbital foramen
V3 = mental nerve through mental foramen

83
Q

path of inferior alveolar nerve

A

foramen ovale - mandibular foramen - mental foramen (where it becomes mental nerve)

84
Q

CN V1 receives sensation from…

A

scalp
skin of forehead
superior eyelid
cornea
nose
mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses

85
Q

CN V2 receives sensation from…

A

skin of face over maxilla
inferior eyelid
upper lip
maxillary teeth
mucosa of nose
maxillary sinuses
palate

86
Q

nerves associated with the orbit

A

optic N
oculomotor N
trochlear N
ophthalmic N
abducent N

87
Q

3 major branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A

nasociliary nerve
frontal nerve
lacrimal nerve

88
Q

branches of the nasociliay nerve (from CN V1)

A

posterior ethmoidal N
anterior ethmoidal N
external nasal N
infra-trochlear N

89
Q

branches of the frontal nerve (from CN V1)

A

supra-trochlear N
supra-orbital N*

90
Q

nerves in the orbit that do NOT pass through the common tendinous ring

A

lacrimal N (CN V1)
frontal N (CN V1)
trochlear N (CN IV)

91
Q

nerves in the orbit that DO pass through the common tendinous ring

A

oculomotor N
optic N
abducent N
nasociliary N

92
Q

branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2)

A

infra-orbital nerve
zygomatic nerve (temporal and facial branches)
anterior/middle/posterior superior alveolar nerves

93
Q

route of the infra-orbital nerve

A

foramen rotundum - inferior orbital fissure - infra-orbital foramen

94
Q

nerves that pass through the inferior orbital fissure

A

infraorbital nerve
zygomatic nerve

95
Q

what are the cutaneous nerves of the face from CN V1

A

lacrimal N
supra-orbital N (top of head)
supra-trochlear N (forehead)
infra-trochlear N (between eyebrows)
external nasal N (nose)

96
Q

what are the cutaneous nerves of the face from CN V2

A

zygomatico-temporal N (temple)
zygomatic-facial N (high cheek)
infra-orbital N (below eye)

97
Q

what are the cutaneous nerves of the face from CN V3

A

ariculotemporal N (ear)
buccal N (cheek)
mental N (lower lip and chin)

98
Q

muscles of mastication that form muscular sling

A

masseter
medial pterygoid

99
Q

landmark for lingual and inferior alveolar nerve

A

between the inferior head of lateral pterygoid muscle and deep head of the medial pterygoid muscle

Human Anatomy - head and neck (1 decks)

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