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1
Q

When was Edward the Confessor king of England?

A

1042 - 1066

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2
Q

Who was Edward the Confessors father

A

King Ethelred the Unready

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3
Q

Who was Edward the Confessors mother

A

Emma of Normandy

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4
Q

Who did Edward the Confessor marry

A

Edith Godwin

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5
Q

Why did Edwards death cause problems

A

He died with no children to succeed him

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6
Q

How was Edward the Confessor connected to Normandy via his family

A

His mother was Norman.

Spent most his life in exile in Normandy before becoming king

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7
Q

What was Edwards connection to Normandy via culture

A

Spoke Norman French

Closest advisors were Norman

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8
Q

How did the Godwin family link to Edward via power

A

Earl Godwin was the most powerful noble as he controlled Wessex which was the wealthiest province.

Godwin had lots of military force which Edward relied on

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9
Q

How did the Godwins link to Edward via rivalry

A

Earl Godwin involved in the murder of Edwards brother Alfred in 1036 on a trip to England from Normandy, while Dane’s were ruling England.

Earl Godwin became most powerful English Earl by supporting the danish kings

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10
Q

How did the Godwin family link to Edward Confessor via family

A

Edward married Edith, Earl Godwins daughter.

Political arrangement made by Godwin to secure his families power

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11
Q

What are the two speculations as to why Edward had no children

A

Very religious so took a vow of celibacy

Edward refused to have children with Edith backseat he hated Earl Godwin

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12
Q

When did Edward the Confessor die

A

5th January 1066

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13
Q

Who was Harold Godwinson

A

Earl of Wessex

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14
Q

Who was William

A

Duke of Normandy

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15
Q

Who was Harald Hardrada

A

King of Norway

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16
Q

Who was Edgar Atheling

A

Great Nephew of Edward

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17
Q

Harold Godwinson family ties to Edward

A

Harold was Edwards brother in law

No blood connection

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18
Q

William family ties to Edward

A

William was Edwards cousin

Edwards mother Emma was Williams great aunt

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19
Q

Harald Hardrada family ties to Edward

A

No direct blood ties to English royal families

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20
Q

Edgar Atheling family ties to Edward

A

Edgar was great nephew of Edward

Last Anglo Saxon prince alive after his father who was killed in 1057

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21
Q

Promises to Harold Godwinson

A

Edward did not have Harold as much as he hated his father (who died in 1053)

Edward likely did promise Harold the throne some point after 1053 and Harold stated it was promised on the kings deathbed

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22
Q

Promise to William from Edward

A

William claimed Edward had promised him the throne while Edward was in Normandy.

William claimed that in 1064 when Harold Godwinson made a trip to Normandy he too promised he would support William as king

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23
Q

Promises to Harald Hardrada

A

Harald succeeded Magnus I of Norway in 1046 (his father)

Magnus has been promised the kingdom of Denmark by Harthacnut, who was king of England 1040-1042.

Harald claimed the kingdom of Denmark as part of the legacy of Magnus. In 1064 Harald gave up on Denmark and switched to trying to claim England.

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24
Q

Promises to Edgar Atheling

A

Edgar and his father, Edward the Exile, has been invited back to England from their exile in Hungary by Edward the Confessor in 1057.

This it is possible Edward wanted an Anglo Saxon prince to succeed him

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25
Q

Political realities - Harold Godwinson

A

Succeeded his father as Earl of Wessex in 1053

Had control over all of southern England

Recognised as the most powerful man in England after Edwards death

Became sub-regulus to Edward in his later years, giving him more power and control

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26
Q

Political realties - William Duke of Normandy

A

Ambitious and powerful ruler in Normandy

Wanted to expand his power so the Norman’s could have a great empire like their Viking ancestors

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27
Q

Harald Hardrada

A

Famous Viking warrior and skilled commander

Had a secure control over his own land

28
Q

Political realties - Edgar Atheling

A

Closest blood relative to Edward but only 14 when Edward died.

Not considered strong enough to hold the kingdom together in 1066

29
Q

Who did the Witan decide to become king of England when Edward the Confessor died in 1066

A

Harold Godwinson

30
Q

What was the relationship like between Harold Godwinson and Edward the Confessor

A

They had a good relationship. Edward thought Harold a more honest leader than his father. Harold was a loyal follower and not influenced or controlled by his father

31
Q

Who was the Witan

A

A council made up of the most powerful men in England

Their priority was to ensure England remained safe from civil war and foreign attack.

32
Q

Why did the witan choose Harold as the next king

A

He had proved himself a strong leader with great military and diplomatic ability.

Had already been ruling England for many years as Edwards sub-regulus

One blood claimant, Edgar, they believed was too young

33
Q

How did Harold Godwinson establish himself as king

A

Crowned same day Edward was buried

Married the sister of two powerful earls, Edwin and Morcar

Held alliance with northern earls so did not need to worry about civil war and could focus on fighting foreign powers

34
Q

When was King Harold II crowned king

A

6 January 1066

35
Q

Who did Harold marry

A

The sister of Earls Morcar and Edwin and in return the earls agreed to defend the North from Hardrada threat

36
Q

Where were Edwin and Morcar earls of

A

Edwin was Earl of Mercia and Morcar was the Earl of Northumbria

37
Q

When was the Battle of Fulfurd Gate

A

20th September 1066

38
Q

Who was Tostig Godwinson

A

Half brother of Harold Godwinson.

Forced into excile in 1065 because people of Northumbria refused to accept him as their Earl.

Hated for his harsh rule

39
Q

How did tostig respond to excile

A

Did not go quietly and travelled to Scotland, Normandy and finally Norway to gain support for his bid to return to power in England

40
Q

Who did Tostig ally with

A

Tostig and Harald Hardrada assembled an army of 10,000 Norwegians

41
Q

Who led the English resistance to Tostig and Hardrada

A

Earls Edwin and Morcar

Two armies met a Fulford in York on 20 September 1066

42
Q

How many soldiers did each side have in Fulford Gate

A

English had 5,000

Norway had 6,000 plus 4,000 reserve soldiers

43
Q

How many casualties did each side have on battle for Fulford Gate

A

1,000 English casualties

600 Norway casualties

44
Q

Who won battle of Fulford Gate

A

Norwegians

45
Q

Why was battle of Fulford gate a massive disaster for Harold Godwinson

A

He expected northern earls to defeat Hardrada while he waited on the south coast for William Duke of Normandy.

Harold had to finish the job himself

46
Q

When was the battle of Stamford bridge

A

25th September 1066

47
Q

Who was the battle of Stamford bridge between

A

English (Harold Godwinson) and Norwegian (Hardrada)

48
Q

How many men did Harold have battle of Stamford bridge

A

15,000

Roughly 3,000 housecarls

49
Q

How many miles did Harold and his army have to travel to get to Stamford bridge and how long did it take

A

185 miles

Took him 4 days

50
Q

How many troops did Hardrada have for battle of Stamford Bridge

A

9,000 soldiers

51
Q

Who won the battle of Stamford bridge

A

King Harold II

52
Q

How did Harold surprise Hardrada in the battle of Stamford bridge

A

The Norwegians were waiting for the English for a prisoner exchange and so left their armour on there ship and some troops.

Harold surprised them with an attack

53
Q

What happened to Tostig and Hardrada in the battle of Stamford bridge

A

They were killed during the battle

54
Q

When are where did William and the Norman’s land on British shore

A

28th September 1066 on Pevensy bay in Sussex

55
Q

What was the first thing William did upon arrival in England

A

Built a motte and Bailey castle

56
Q

What did William and the Norman’s do while waiting for Harold and his army

A

Raided the south of England to provoke Harold and the south was where his family historically controlled

57
Q

What was the immediate disadvantage Harold had before the battle of Hastings

A

His troops were tired from fighting in Stamford bridge and tired from travelling up and down the country

58
Q

How many ships did the Norman’s have

A

700

59
Q

When was the battle of Hastings

A

14th October 1066

60
Q

Where did Harold and his army take position at the start of the battle of Hastings

A

The high ground - Senlac Hill (later named that by Norman’s)

Defensive position

61
Q

What tactic did the English use in the battle of Hastings

A

Formed a shield wall - defensive

62
Q

What 3 types of troops did William have for the Battle of Hastings

A

Infantry
Archers
Cavalry

63
Q

Why was the shield wall good (2 reasons)

A
  1. When the Norman’s rode out they were forced back
  2. When arrows were fired at them directly they were not hurt
64
Q

What tactics did William use

A
  1. Feigned retreats to lure the less experienced soldiers from the shield wall
  2. Firing arrows into the air so they landed down on the Saxons
65
Q

Why did William NOT invade in the summer, like Harold had expected him to

A

The winds stopped William travelling across the channel

66
Q

Why did Harold II’s death contribute to Williams victory in the a battle of Hastings

A

If he survived the battle may have just continued to the next day

History - Normans (3 decks)

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