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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that takes place in air cells

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2
Q

and what is gaseous exchange? 

A

The diffusion of oxygen from the air in Gaviola into the blood, and of the carbon dioxide from the blood into the air in the alveoli 

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3
Q

explain the steps of breathing

A

when we breathe in air first passes through a nose or mouth, the air moves down or trachea it, then further divided between our bronchioles from there it divides between out two bronchi lastly it reaches our aveoli 

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4
Q

where does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

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5
Q

why is aveoli a good?

A

enormous surface area, moist lining, gases dissolve, thin walls, good blood supply, one cell thick

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6
Q

what are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

where are salivary amylase, produced, its substrate, and what products are formed 

A

It’s produced in the saliva re glands. Its substrate is starch and maitose is formed.


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8
Q

pepsin
•produced
•substrate
•products former

A

•stomach
•protein
•amino acids

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9
Q

trypsin

A

•pancreas
•protein
•amino acids

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10
Q

Where does the blood to go through?

A

Vena cava

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11
Q

What does the hearts contain to prevent blood from flowing backwards?

A

Valves

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12
Q

What is a group of cells called?

A

pacemaker



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13
Q

White blood cells

A

Large cells, which have a nucleus
defence system,
Lymphocytes produce antibodies 

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14
Q

plasma 

A

liquid portion of your blood
Transport
Worst carbon dioxide made by cells carry to lungs
Carries a red and white blood cells and paletes

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15
Q

Red blood cells

A

Collect oxygen
Packed with haemoglobin binds oxygen
No nucleus, allowing space for haemoglobin
Transports oxygen to needed cells

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16
Q

platelets

A

no nucleus
Blood clotting

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17
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when you inhale and exhale?

A

 The diaphragm contracts, when inhaling in relaxes and moves up when exhaling

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18
Q

What happens to the diaphragm muscle and inhaling and exhaling?

A

When inhaling it contracts, when exhaling it relaxes

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19
Q

what happens to the volume in the chest cavity when inhaling and exhaling

A

When inhaling it increases, and when exhaling, it gets smaller

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20
Q

What happens to the ribs when inhaling and exhaling?

A

When inhaling the ribs go up and down, and when exhaling, they relax

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21
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when inhaling and exhaling?

A

When inhaling the contract when exhaling, they relax

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22
Q

what are chemicals in cigarettes that are linked to causing cancer?

A

Nicotine, tar,carbon monoxide, formaldehyde

23
Q

What are the risk factors for a cardiovascular diseases?

A

High cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and obesity

24
Q

when do coronary arteries become blocked? and why does it effect someone?

A

 When Layaigh is a fatty material called plaque buildup along the artery walls, this causes the arteries to become restricted cutting of oxygen supply to the heart


25
Q

what is heart failure?

A

Air condition where the heart is feeling to pump sufficient blood around the body at the appropriate pressure

26
Q

What are the pros and cons of stents?

A

Pros are it is quick and long-lasting cons, a surgery risk of infection

27
Q

pros and cons of statins

A

Pros are good cholesterol. cons are taken regularly headaches, and kidney failure

28
Q

pros and cons of replacement valves

A

praise are strong and long-lasting, cons are can clot and wear out

29
Q

pros and cons of heart transplant

A

Can work, but the cons a shortage of donor hearts and need to be tissue matched

30
Q

what are the cons of artificial hearts?

A

Motor might fail, bloodflow isn’t as smooth

31
Q

What is a tumour? 

A

an abnormal mass of cells 

32
Q

how do you tumours form?

A

When a group of cells, undergo uncontrolled growth and division

33
Q

what are benign tumours?



A

they are growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane and do not evade other tissues

34
Q

what are malignant tumours? 

A

They invade neighbouring tissues, and spread to different parts of the body in the blood, where they from secondary tumours

35
Q


what tumour does cancer refer to?

A

malignant

36
Q

what is metastasis?

A

When a cancer cell is spread to new areas of the body

37
Q

mitosis

A

Part of the cell cycle, where one set of new chromosomes is Paul to each end of the cell, forming two identical nuclei during cell division

38
Q

risk factors of lung cancer

A

Caused by smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, pollution, family

39
Q

skin cancer

A

Exposure to sunrise sunbeds, first skin, red hair, age, moles and freckles 

40
Q

cervical cancer

A

HPV virus being overweight, smoking family, history, sexual transmits

41
Q

Breast cancer

A

Age women are at greater risk, inherited genes, race, and ethnicity

42
Q

testicular cancer

A

Men, born with abnormal testicles, middle-aged men, race, family history,tall men, infertility, sexually transmitted

43
Q

Brain tumours

A

Age being overweight medical radiation, smoking alcohol previous cancers, genetic history

44
Q

what form an organ system

A

 the stem route and leaves

45
Q

Root hair cell

A

increase the surface area over which osmosis takes place lots of active transport

46
Q

why a sales pack for chloroplasts that are long

A

Maximise photosynthesis

47
Q

What are stomata?

A

Stomata a tiny holes found on the top and underside of a leaf

48
Q

what do the pores of stomata allow it to do?

A

They allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen and water to diffuse out of the leaf

49
Q

what happens when the guard cells are filled with water?

A

They are turoid and the stomata opens

50
Q

what happens when the guard cells lose water?

A

They become flaccid, and the stomata closes

51
Q

What is xylem?

A

It transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

52
Q

what is phloem

A

It transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant

53
Q

what are vascular bundles?

A

Pipe like structures in the plants

biology r (1 decks)

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