all Flashcards
what is cellular respiration?
A chemical reaction that takes place in air cells
and what is gaseous exchange? 
The diffusion of oxygen from the air in Gaviola into the blood, and of the carbon dioxide from the blood into the air in the alveoli 
explain the steps of breathing
when we breathe in air first passes through a nose or mouth, the air moves down or trachea it, then further divided between our bronchioles from there it divides between out two bronchi lastly it reaches our aveoli 
where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
why is aveoli a good?
enormous surface area, moist lining, gases dissolve, thin walls, good blood supply, one cell thick
what are alveoli surrounded by?
Capillaries
where are salivary amylase, produced, its substrate, and what products are formed 
It’s produced in the saliva re glands. Its substrate is starch and maitose is formed.

pepsin
•produced
•substrate
•products former
•stomach
•protein
•amino acids
trypsin
•pancreas
•protein
•amino acids
Where does the blood to go through?
Vena cava
What does the hearts contain to prevent blood from flowing backwards?
Valves
What is a group of cells called?
pacemaker

White blood cells
Large cells, which have a nucleus
defence system,
Lymphocytes produce antibodies 
plasma 
liquid portion of your blood
Transport
Worst carbon dioxide made by cells carry to lungs
Carries a red and white blood cells and paletes
Red blood cells
Collect oxygen
Packed with haemoglobin binds oxygen
No nucleus, allowing space for haemoglobin
Transports oxygen to needed cells
platelets
no nucleus
Blood clotting
what happens to the diaphragm when you inhale and exhale?
 The diaphragm contracts, when inhaling in relaxes and moves up when exhaling
What happens to the diaphragm muscle and inhaling and exhaling?
When inhaling it contracts, when exhaling it relaxes
what happens to the volume in the chest cavity when inhaling and exhaling
When inhaling it increases, and when exhaling, it gets smaller
What happens to the ribs when inhaling and exhaling?
When inhaling the ribs go up and down, and when exhaling, they relax
What happens to the intercostal muscles when inhaling and exhaling?
When inhaling the contract when exhaling, they relax
what are chemicals in cigarettes that are linked to causing cancer?
Nicotine, tar,carbon monoxide, formaldehyde
What are the risk factors for a cardiovascular diseases?
High cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and obesity
when do coronary arteries become blocked? and why does it effect someone?
 When Layaigh is a fatty material called plaque buildup along the artery walls, this causes the arteries to become restricted cutting of oxygen supply to the heart

what is heart failure?
Air condition where the heart is feeling to pump sufficient blood around the body at the appropriate pressure
What are the pros and cons of stents?
Pros are it is quick and long-lasting cons, a surgery risk of infection
pros and cons of statins
Pros are good cholesterol. cons are taken regularly headaches, and kidney failure
pros and cons of replacement valves
praise are strong and long-lasting, cons are can clot and wear out
pros and cons of heart transplant
Can work, but the cons a shortage of donor hearts and need to be tissue matched
what are the cons of artificial hearts?
Motor might fail, bloodflow isn’t as smooth
What is a tumour? 
an abnormal mass of cells 
how do you tumours form?
When a group of cells, undergo uncontrolled growth and division
what are benign tumours?

they are growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane and do not evade other tissues
what are malignant tumours? 
They invade neighbouring tissues, and spread to different parts of the body in the blood, where they from secondary tumours

what tumour does cancer refer to?
malignant
what is metastasis?
When a cancer cell is spread to new areas of the body
mitosis
Part of the cell cycle, where one set of new chromosomes is Paul to each end of the cell, forming two identical nuclei during cell division
risk factors of lung cancer
Caused by smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, pollution, family
skin cancer
Exposure to sunrise sunbeds, first skin, red hair, age, moles and freckles 
cervical cancer
HPV virus being overweight, smoking family, history, sexual transmits
Breast cancer
Age women are at greater risk, inherited genes, race, and ethnicity
testicular cancer
Men, born with abnormal testicles, middle-aged men, race, family history,tall men, infertility, sexually transmitted
Brain tumours
Age being overweight medical radiation, smoking alcohol previous cancers, genetic history
what form an organ system
 the stem route and leaves
Root hair cell
increase the surface area over which osmosis takes place lots of active transport
why a sales pack for chloroplasts that are long
Maximise photosynthesis
What are stomata?
Stomata a tiny holes found on the top and underside of a leaf
what do the pores of stomata allow it to do?
They allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen and water to diffuse out of the leaf
what happens when the guard cells are filled with water?
They are turoid and the stomata opens
what happens when the guard cells lose water?
They become flaccid, and the stomata closes
What is xylem?
It transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
what is phloem
It transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant
what are vascular bundles?
Pipe like structures in the plants
