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1
Q

Chromosomes

A

long sections of DNA - we have 23 sets (Males- XY) (Females XX)

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2
Q

Case Study and the pros and cons

A

analysis of one person or small group
-benefits: gather info on a closer level
-cons: cannot generalize and apply to large group

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3
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Study of animal in natural setting - more likely to behave naturally

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4
Q

Surveys and pros and cons

A

group of participants are asked the same question
-pros: very far reaching
-cons: given bad info, not truthful info, sampling error

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5
Q

correlation

A

how strongly two factors vary together

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6
Q

positive correlation

A

move up and down together (same direction)

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7
Q

negative correlation

A

do not move together (opposite direction)

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8
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable is affected by the independent variable

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

the manipulated variable

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10
Q

Longitudinal study

A

measuring a particular variable in a group over a long period of time

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11
Q

cross-sectional study

A

using multiple groups of different age ranges and measuring a variable in all the groups

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12
Q

Monism

A

mind and brain are one

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13
Q

Brain stem

A

Automatic survival functions

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14
Q

Medulla

A

Heartbeat and breathing

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15
Q

Pons

A

coordinate movement and sleep

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16
Q

Midbrain

A

arousal, pain, temp. regulation

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17
Q

Reticular Formation

A

relays sensory info from the thalamus to cortical areas, allows you to be in a conscious and unconscious state, arousal

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

voluntary movements and balance

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory info to cerebrum - dictates brain waves

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20
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

“muscle movement”

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21
Q

Amygdala

A

emotion, fear, aggression

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

influences hunger, thirst, body temp., sexual behaviors and rewards

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

long term memory

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24
Q

Frontal lobe

A

decision making, language

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25
Q

Occiputal

A

receive and process information from visual fields

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26
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory pathway - the “what” am I looking at

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27
Q

Parietal lobe

A

receive and process input for touch and body position - ‘how’ pathway

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28
Q

Spinal cord

A

bundle of nerves connected to brain- controls reflexes, fight or flight

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29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls skeletal muscles

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30
Q

automatic nervous system

A

controls glands of internal organs

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31
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

arouses, fight or flight

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32
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms down, rest and digest

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33
Q

Action potential

A

electrical charge that travels from dendrite to axon terminal to release neurotransmitters

34
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neural transmitter - contracts muscle, memory

35
Q

Non/Epinephrine

A

arousal

36
Q

Dopamine

A

movement, planning, reward

37
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, appetite, sleep

38
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

sensory analysis that begins at entry level - “What am I seeing”

39
Q

Top-down processing

A

using models your brain already has to interpret sensory info - “have I seen this before”

40
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus (signal) while there’s background stimulation (noise) - hearing your name being called

41
Q

Difference vs Absolute Threshold

A

Difference: just noticeable difference a person can detect
Absolute: minimum stimuli needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

42
Q

Wave length vs Amplitude (vision)

A

Wavelength: difference between tops of waves (color)
Amplitude: distance between bottom and top of wave (brightness)

43
Q

Cornea

A

lets light in

44
Q

Iris

A

controls how much light is let in

45
Q

Lens

A

Bends light to focus (distance)

46
Q

Retina

A

sends message to brain of what you’re seeing

47
Q

Fovea

A

HD vision - only cones

48
Q

Rods vs Cones

A

Rods- black and white
Cones- color

49
Q

Trichromatic vs Opponent process theory

A

Tri: bottom up processing, primary colors activating sensors in eye and sending it to the brain
Opp: in the brain controlled by opposing processes, “after images”

50
Q

Gestalt

A

“the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”, proximity, continuity, closure

51
Q

Wavelength and Amplitude (sound)

A

WV: pitch
A: loudness

52
Q

Place theory

A

links the pitch heard with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

53
Q

Spotlight of attention

A

you are only paying attention to 1% of what is going on around you, brain focuses on most demanding

54
Q

Brain waves order (high to low)

A

-Gamma (intense, concentration)
-Beta (problem solving)
-Alpha (awake and relaxed)
-Theta (almost asleep)
-Delta (asleep)

55
Q

Stages of Sleep (light to heavy)

A

-REM (dreaming)
-NREM-1 (beg. of sleep, hypnagogic jerk)
-NREM-2 (sleep spindles to wake up, k-complex to sleep, brain still listening)
-NREM-3 (delta waves, deep)
-NREM-4 (deepest)

56
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

file memories, cognitive development

57
Q

Classical conditioning factors

A

-US: something in the environment that triggers a reaction
-UR: the unlearned response to stimulus
-NS: meaningless object
-CS: conditioned neutral stim.
-CR: conditioned reaction to CS

58
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer and diminished if followed by a punisher

59
Q

P VS N reinforcers

A

Positive- something added to environment {money, food, verbal}
Negative - something subtracted from environment {no chores if you take 5 bites}

60
Q

P VS N Punishers

A

Positive- adding something to environment to decrease behavior {electric shock, chores}
Negative- removing something to environment to increase behavior {freedom, money}

61
Q

Teratogens

A

agents that reach embryo or fetus during prenatal developmental and cause harm (alc., stress, tobacco)

62
Q

Critical periods for kids

A

-Language solidifies by 7, vision is 1-6 months
-motor function: head to toe first

63
Q

Schemas

A

concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information

64
Q

Assimilation vs Accommodation

A

Assimilation - interpreting new experiences based on what you know (putting the file into the file cabinet in a section already there)
Accommodation - adapting schemas (putting the file into a new section)

65
Q

Best parenting style

A

Authorative- emotional support but regulates behavior

66
Q

Dispositional theory

A

“because they are a ___ person” {bad, good, mean, etc.}

67
Q

Situational Attribution

A

“because of the circumstances” , context has influence

68
Q

Correspondence

A

tendency to draw conclusions about a person’s character from their behavior

69
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

routes of persuasion

A

central persuasion: have to be motivated, using facts to influence
peripheral: showing pretty things

70
Q

social facilitation

A

presence of others arouses people, improving performance on easy tasks but decreasing performance on hard tasks

71
Q

social loafing

A

when individuals exert less effort when working as a group than when working independently

72
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity and arousal

73
Q

group polarization

A

the tendency for groups to show a shift towards the extremes of decision-making when compared to decisions made by individuals

74
Q

Generalized Anxiety

A

debilitating, constant state of worry and sympathetic arousal

75
Q

Panic Disorder

A

someone experiences growing episodes of intense dread - panic attacks; terror, chest pains (similar to heart attack)

76
Q

Social Anxiety

A

intense fear of other people’s negative judgement, avoiding social situation

77
Q

OCD

A

persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions) or both , strongly genetic

78
Q

PTSD

A

lingering reaction to a traumatic experience, jumy, insomnia

79
Q

Depression

A

anhedonia (lack of pleasure), self-defeating beliefs and rumination

80
Q

Autism

A

lack of eye contact, increased/decreased sensitivity to stimuli, language skills, “stimming” (repetitive movements or noise), hyper fixation (increased preoccupation with a certain thing)

psych final (1 decks)

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