all Flashcards
ideology
a socially constructed set of beliefs that become ingrained through process of naturalisation e.g. race is an ideological construction
globalisation - project
ideological project that promotes the benefit for all of free trade and global integration
globalisation - process
the inexorable process of expanding global interconnection
Imperialism
expanding power through territorial domination and influence - often military
cultural imperialism
domination of a hegemonic culture through media + values erasing existing local culture.
race
audrey smedley define race as a socially constructed ideology free from biological/genetic variation. This does not deny the existence of biological race but the contemporary understanding of race originated to justify slavery
magnificent african cake
king leopold of beligium. implication that africa was a valuable resource that eurpoeans should exploit for their own benefit
naturalisation
process by which ideologies become socially engrained
white supremacy
ideological construction which poses other races as other or in opposition to whiteness - naturalised belief of white people being inherently superior/more civilised
the white man’s burden
popularised by Rudyard Kipling. implication that it is the moral duty of the west to civilise non western, non white nations. justification for imperialism
colonialism
political social economic and cultural domination of a territory by a foreign power for an extended time. also a set of beliefs to justify this domination
Neocolonialism
continuation of colonial power over formerly colonised or “less developed” nations. often indirect methods of domination e.g. economic reliance, geopolitical influence, cultural imperialism
Economic Liberalism
ideology or economic policy that favours limited government intervention and free markets
Adam Smith
Laissez faire capitalism - minimal govermnent intervention = market prosperity
invisible hand - idea that individuals pursuing self interest in a competitive market contribute to society’s overall wealth
devision of labour leads to economic productivity
Marx
alienation/estrangement - the division of labour causes workers to be estranged from the products of their labour, other workers, and themselves
the problem of value
how to define the value of something. use value = utility of a commodity. price value = value in relation to other commodities. in capitalism, the pursuit of profit drives the favouring of price over exchange.
labour theory of value
smith - the value of a commodity is defined by the amount of labour required to produce it (among other factors)
marx - uses LTOV to critique capitalism. workers create value through labour but receive only a fraction of it through labour. capitalism functions by exploiting this ‘surplus labour’ as profit
the myth of the self regulating market
erroneous belief that the economy can be separated from social & cultural factors
The Great Transformation
transformation of to becoming market society
dis/embedded economy
economy being embedded in society to vice versa
market society
socioeconomic system in which the maket is the driving force (soc embedded in economy not vice versa). effects: commodification of land labour & money, self-regulating markets, disembedded economy
Fictitious commodities
land, labour, money
Gradually removed from their social & cultural contexts and become commodified. land (enclosures), labour (wages), money (becomes universal means for exchange)
enclosures
parliamentary act that “created” private property
Homoeconomicus
belief that humans act solely out of rational economic self-interest
Primitive accumulaion
violent historical process through which people are forced to labour. enclosures, rent, labour. marx - how capitalism emerged, polanyi - initial stages in creation of fictitious commodities
externalities
cost/benefit incurred by a non-consenting third party
externalising machine
built to profit by externalising costs
development discourse
belief that people can de developed/underdeveloped based on western hegemonic ideas of development (truman point four)
Neoliberalism
political & economic ideology that calls for deregulation - reduced regulation on the flow of goods, liberalisation - open markets, reduce trade barriers, privatisation - of national institutions
Bretton Woods Conference
gethering of 44 nations in in 1944
establishes all currencies linked to the dollar + the dollar to gold
IMF, WB, WTO later
SAPs
enforcement of neoliberal ideology. set of economic reforms that a nation must adhere to in order to secure a loan from the WB or IMF. advocate montary & fiscal austerity, trade liberalisation, privatisation
TINA/ GS/ WC
promote that neoliberalism leads to prosperity
nationalism
identification with national interest
nation state
joining of commmon bounded territory with the political structure of the state
immagined community
modern nations are socially imagined entities. made possible through shared symbols, media, collective imagination
Friedman
capitalism & freedom. individual liberty & limited government intervention
Keynes
active role of the state. in the case of a recession, government should use fiscal and monetary stimulus
Hayek
neoliberalism. Limited government involvement. fiscal and monetary austerity - allow market forces to operate
Keyensianism
pro-government involvement in the economy
