All Flashcards
What 3 publications would you say have been most influential in your work?
- Sherman - Arrest, comparisons, tracking
- Mullen 2009 - Typologies
- HMIC. 2017 - Poor response
Tell me about Sherman’s study?
Sherman et al 1992
1200 domestic assault cases in US
6 months after arrest
Had the option of arresting perpetrator but didn’t v arrest
They had 4 outcome measures -
Reports to same location.
arrests again for violence,
same suspect v victim
and face to face interviews with victims.
Varied according to characteristic.
No long term affect but short term affect of 30 days
Different impact on different section of community
Employed and married more likely to be deterred
12 months on arrest had actually escalated situation
Tell me about Mullen et al 2009 study?
X
Tell me about HMIC 2017?
X
Where does your work fit into the literature?
- Existing literature focuses heavily on domestic abuse and domestic violence
- There is limited literature that focuses on stalking but they group domestic stalkers and non-domestic stalkers together
- Stalking research is generally focused on mental health and murder
- Nothing out there that focuses on what actually works and the impact of each intervention
- My work separates non DA stalking and DA stalking and focuses purely on interventions and investigation
Where did you draw the line on what to include in your literature review?
- Challenge
- All interesting
- Did write a lot that didn’t end up there because i was going off on a tangent
- stuck closely to my research aims
How did the literature inform your choice of topic and the thesis overall?
- Significantly
- Identified a gap
- Whilst also finding the literature really interesting
- Focused on Sherman - typologies
What are the key names in this area?
- Sherman ()
- Mackenzie ()
- Mullen ()
- Moncton Smith -
Why is your PhD important?
- Super complaint from national stalking consortium (21 organisations)
- Sig resarch gap around impact of not doing anything, warnings, arrest, court orders, imprisonment for non-da stalkers
- HMIC - ‘we have, however been unable to find any resarch that proves whether issuing a police information notice is more or less effective than any other form of police action’
- Police are criticised heavily for poor investigations
What are your 3 research aims?
- Examine stalking and analyse the interventions available to police officers (legislation, existing lit, interventions)
- Explore diff types of policing interventions on non-da cases (identify, record and assess impact over 18 months)
- Seek to understand quant data by capturing experiences of practitioners and police leaders (semi interviews, practitioners and stalking advocate)
Why is stalking difficult to define?
Because there are so many different types of behaviours that could constitute stalking - everything from standing outside watching to buying gifts
CPS have listed behaviours but not defined it
Why did you go with the Paladin definition of stalking?
- Goes further than other definitions
- Consistent with the language officers are trained on (four)
- It isn’t too wide that everything could be considered stalking but not too narrow that we dont have stalking cases to analyse
What definition of stalking did you use?
Paladin
- Pattern of unwanted, fixated and obsessive behaviour
- Intrusive
- Causes fear of violence or serious alarm or distress
What are the pitfalls of your data?
- Biggest pitfall is that this is solely reliant on a victim of crime picking up the phone and reporting stalking again.
- It is also reliant on neither a victim or perpetrator having a change of circumstances, moving house, changing jobs etc
But overcome that by:
- Using a big enough sample size - HMIC use 112
- Coupling with qual data
What are the key academics saying about prison?
10 year max for starters
Mullen et al - treating stalkers very difficult in prison
Cater 2016 - serves no purpose for imprisonment without dealing with MH
Sex offenders - treated offenders less likely to offend
What are the lit review saying about court orders?
Home office review of SPOs - 14% breaches of order an forces not using them.
Orders are potentially a trigger.
Strand 2011 - no differences in revictimsation if RO used in Sweden but did have an impact if lower risk offenders
Holt et al 2002 - 2691 women - 80% reduction in violence in 12 months if used permanent protection order
What lit review is for arrest?
Cho et al 2010 - arrest of DV reduced revictimsation by 43%
Berk et al 1992 - reduced revictimsation if employed
Positive arrest policies not always followed
Garza et al 2020 - evidence, injury, witnesses, alcohol and history of violence all increased likelihood of arrest
Who was against arrest?
Hirschel 1992 - 686 cases - no sig impact on future offending
Peralta et al 2015 - 101 victims in refuges - arrest policies put women off
What is sequential explanatory design?
- Obtaining data in two consecutive stages
- Quant first, analyse
- Then qual second
- Makes a connection between the two rather than two distinct analyses
- It combines the what (quant) and the why (qual) - neither are superior to one another
What are the pitfalls of using sequential explanatory design?
- More time consuming because it wasn’t concurrent
- By the time it came to do doing the qual, the force had actually moved on since I gathered the data
- Whereas had I done them concurrently - it would have been live
- Temptation to rush the analysis phase to get onto qual
- Difficult to navigate the qual scenarios without giving my data away
What were your criteria for inclusion?
Criteria for inclusion
Non-domestic relationship between the perpetrator and victim
Stalking that meets the Paladin (2019) definition of stalking
Stalking behaviour reported to the research force within 2018 and 2019
Identifiable perpetrator and victim and sufficient information to perform meaningful analysis
What was your criteria for preclusion?
Criteria for preclusion
Domestic relationship between the perpetrator and the victim
Behaviour that does not meet the threshold for stalking behaviour
Stalking behaviour reported to the research force, that was not reported in 2018 and 2019
Victim or the perpetrator has not been identifiable or there is insufficient information to obtain basic characteristics
Tell me about your quant data analysis?
Descriptive analysis
- summarise data and ID patterns
- key characteristics categorised compared with interventions
- enabled me to focus on trends that relate to my research questions
- percentages to see if stalking continued or not - simple and logical
- mean numerical average such as age and time stalked victim
BIGGEST WEAKNESS TO DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
- can’t be used to make predictions so used an inferential analysis method
Tell me about inferential analysis?
Looks at relationships between different variables
Used correlation to understand the relationship
Using inferential variables of a stalker’s characteristics to compare
Example - did a warning impact different types of stalkers in different ways
Inferential statistics helps to suggest explanations for a situation or phenomenon. It allows you to draw conclusions based on extrapolations, and is in that way fundamentally different from descriptive statistics that merely summarize the data that has actually been measured.
