all Flashcards
Levator prostatae and sphincter vaginae are formed from
ANTERIOR fibers levator ani
Puborectalis forms a U-shaped sling around
anorectal junction.
Levator ani is innervated by
superior part S4
Inferior part inferior rectal
Posterior border of levator ani is related to
coggyeus
Relations ischiorectal fossa: (medial and lateral wall)
Medial wall = levator ani & external anal sphincter
LateraL = pudendaL n.&vessels & obturator fascia
Name of the internal iliac artery branches posterior trunk
Iliolumbar
Two lateral sacral arteries
Superior gluteal artery
Name of the anterior trunk of internal iliac artery
Parietal:
obturator artery
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
Visceral branches:
Middle rectal A Prostate and vagina and Urinary
Inferior Vesical A Prostate and Urinary
Superior Vesical A Prostrate and Vas deferens and Urinary
Umbilical A Urinary and seminal
Uterine A Everything female
The ureter is crossed by?
uterine artery
During surgical removal of uterus and uterine artery
the surgeon must be careful not to injure:
Ureter
Ureter is innervated by
inferior vesical and gonadal
Urinary bladder relations? (post surface/base)
seminal vesical
Which is related to neck of the bladder?
Prostate
Apex of the bladder is continuous with
median umbilical ligament
Urinary bladder is ENDODERM in origin EXCEPT
Trigone is mesodermal
INTERURETERIC CREST connects/ extends between
ureteric orifices
Urinary bladder IS COVERED BY
PERITONEUM.
Which structure is present at female urethera? How long is it?
→Sphincter uretherae
4cm
The male urethera is ____ in lenght. Its parts are_______(4)
18-20 cm,
Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous and penile
The preprostatic part prevents?
retrograde ejaculate flow into urethra
WIDEST, MOST DILATABLE PART in male
urethera
PROSTATIC
NARROWEST, LEAST DILATABLE PART→
MEMBRANOUS
which part of urethra : pierces urogenital diaphragm
Membranous
Which structures open at prostatic urethera?
2 Ejaculatory ducts & prostatic utricle
Prostatic urethera Length:
3-4 cm
Penile urethera shows 2 dilatations:
navicular fossa
& intra-bulbar fossa.
Narrowest part of whole urethera:
external
uretheral meatus.
Structures within/ open at prostate?
Prostatic urethera, 2 ejaculatory ducts, prostatic
utricle ( open at POSTERIOR wall)
PROSTATIC VENOUS PLEXUS
Recieves :
Drains:
DEEP dorsal vein of penis +
internal iliac veins.
which structure joins VAS to form ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
Penis attachment
Ischiocavernosus muscle attached to public
arches
Bulbospongiosus muscle attached to perineal
membrane
The rectum begins at level ____ and its posterior relation is_____
S3
Sacral plexus
Structures found in pre-rectal examinations in males (6)
-External anal sphincter
-Penis bulb, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas
-urinary bladder BASE
Structures palpated in female in pre rectal exam (3)
External anal sphincter, cervix, BACK of vagina.
The anal valves lies at level to
pectinate line
Columns of morgagni is a feature of
anal canal
The upper part of the anal canal is ______ and ______to pain
The lower part below pectinate line is ________and _________to pain
Endodermal, insensitive
Ectodermal, sensitive
External piles? hemorrhoids are drained by
internal illiac lymph nodes
Superifical inguinal LN
The deep part of the anal canal as reinforced by
puborectalis or levator ani
What are the branches of internal pudnedal artery
Inferior rectal
Perineal
Artery of bulb
Urethral artery
dorsal penis
Deep penis
Pars distalis is covered in _________. Has ________capillaries. They have 2 groups
reticular CT.
fenestrated
Chromophobes (52) and chromophils (48)
Chromophils are classified into
Acidophils
Basophils
what are the two types of Acidiophils
Somatotrophs and mamotrophs
Somatotrophs secrete_______. They are __________ in shape and have a ______ (shape) nucleus. They have positive reaction to _________.
GH
Spherical
central rounded
Orange G
Mammotrophs secrete_______. They are __________ in shape and have a ______ (shape) nucleus. They have positive reaction to _________.
Prolactin
Oval
oval nuclei
carmine
Thyrotrophs release__________. They have ________ nucleus
TSH
rounded
Corticotrophs release__________(4). They have ________ nucleus
ACTH
MSH (meloncyte stimulation)
Endorphin
Lipotropic factor
oval
Gonadotrophs are _________ in shape
rounded
Castration causes _________to increase in number. They squish together forming a _______ appearance
Gonadotrophs
signet ring
Infundibulum is a
collection of nerve fibers connecting hypothalamus to parsa nervosa
Pitiucytes are
Branched supporting neuroglial
Herring bodies are acidiophilic, they contain (2)
oxytocin and vasopressin
Funtion of pars nervosa
store oxytocin and ADH
Parsa intermedia is supplied by _____while pars nervos is supplied by _____
superior hypophyseal
inferior hypophyseal
Parsa intermedia is supplied by _____while pars nervos is supplied by _____
superior hypophyseal
inferior hypophyseal
Zona Glomerulus is _______in shape. It is the ________ zone. Rich in mitochonria, G.A, sER and ____ fat cells. They secrete ______
columnar and basal rounded nuclei
narrowest
FEW
mineralocorticoids
Zona Fasciculata is ________ in shape separated by ________ capillaries. It is the _______ zone. They are called __________ and have central rounded nuclei. They secrete ____
Polyhedral
fenestrated capillaries
widest
glucocorticoids
They have many fats
Zona reticularis is ________ in shape separated by ________ capillaries. It is the _______ zone. have central rounded nuclei. They secrete ____
Polyhedral
blood sinusoids
Deepest
Secrete androgen
The medulla is _______ in origin while Cortex is _______ in origin. The medulla has two cells _____ and is _________essential to life. They secrete______ and have a ______ reaction to chromaffin.
Ectodermal
Mesodermal
Chromaffin and nerve cells
Less
Adrenaline noradrenaline and enkephalins
positive
Paraganglia are masses of ______cells, They secrete______
Chromaffin cells
adrenaline and noeradrenaline
Thyroid follicles are ______ in shape surrounded by fesentrated blood vessels. They are lined by ________and surrounded by lumen. It has 2 types: _____
rounded
simple cuboidal epithelium
Follicular (98%) and Parafollicular (2%)
Follicular cells release _______. They have _________and _______junctions. Becomes _______ in hyperthyroidism and becomes _______in hypothyroidism
T3 and T4
short microvilli
tight junctions
Columnar
Flat squamous
Parafollicular cells (2%) it has _______ cytoplasm and it is stained by ____. They are also known as ______and secrete______
paler
Ag
C-cells
calcitonin
Iodinated thyroglobulin are stored as
Thyroid colloid
Chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid gland are _______cells with _______nucleus. Have ________cytoplasm, Secrete _______. Funtion is _______
Polygonal
central rounded
basophilic
secretory granules
Secrete parathyroid hormone
Oxyphils of parathyroid increase with ______. They are _______in shape. have _____cytoplasm. Function is
Age
Oval
acidophilic
not yet known
Pinealocytes (in pineal body) are ________cells. They have _______ nucleus. They have _____ and are innervated by _____nerve fibers. They secrete ______(2)
Large branched cells
large pale
basophilic
Unmyelinated
Serotonin and melatonin
The most susceptible acini for prostate cancer is
peripheral zone
The cremastic muscle is (muscle types)
Longitudinal striated
Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary 7
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
What are the steroid hormones? (6)
Androgens
Estrogens
Testosterone
progesterone
Mineralocorticoids
cortisol
Cortisol actions 7
Increase blood glucose
Increase GFR
Increase RBC
Increase WBC
Catabolic (less protein synthesis)
increase gluconeogenesis
has anti insulin action, so gives brain more blood
Cushing syndrome is______. They have 3 main physical features which are:
Hypercortisolism
Moon face and hirsutism and trunkal obesity
What are the pharmacological actions of cortisol?
Reduces collagen I synthesis
Antagonizes growth of bone and CT
Blocks EARLY stages of inflammation
prevents histamine release.
Osteoclast funtion
degrade bone to remodel
Addison’s disease mean
no cortisol
no aldostrone
low blood pressure
hypoglycemia
Conns syndrome is_______
its manifestations are
hyper aldostronemia
Tingling, cramps, hypertension, thirst and frequent urination
Corpus luteum release 2 hormones which do what
Estrogen/Progestrone
They repair endometrium so prostaglandins don’t cause necrosis
Progestrone decreases ___and______. It also increases __________ and ___________.
LH and Ovulation
Sodium and water retention and temperature for women
lateral relations of ureter are
External iliac and obturator A+V+N
The 3 parts of the levator ani are
Anterior: levator prostate or sphincter vaginae
Puborectalis
Anocossygeus
All bladder is _________ in origin except the trigone which is __________in origin.
ENDODERMAL
MESODERMAL
Relations of prostate: Inferior, Anterior, Posterior
Inferior Levator ani
Anterior Venous plexus and Puboprostatic ligaments
Posterior Ejaculatory duct, capsule and denevur fascia
Content of ishiorectal fossa
Inferior vessels
Perineal Nerve
Posterior scrotal A
Ejaculatory duct is made up of two things
Seminal vesical and vasa different
Internal pudendal N branches
Dorsal N
Inferior rectal N
Perineal N
Deep perineal pouch contents 6
Membranous urethra
Bulbourethral
Vagina
Deep perineal muscles
Sphincter urethra
Dorsal nerve of penis
The sphincter has the same nerve supply as
Levator ani S4 and inferior rectal
The rectum is ________ covered in peritonum
partially covered in peritoneum. Only lower part has no peritoneum
The upper part of the anal canal is _________ while lower part is __________
Endo
Ecto
The vas diff is ______ in length
45cm
Pituitary relations superior, inferior, anterior, back
Superior: hypothalmus
Inferior: Sphenoid sinus
Anterior: Optic chiasm
Behind: midbrain
Thyroid relations: Superior, inferior, posterior, lateral and superficial.
Superior: Superior thyroid A
Inferior: Inferior thyroid vein
lateral: all sterno muscles
Superficial anterior jugular and sternohyoid
Superior thyroid A is for _________. It is accompanied by ______ nerve
Upper part of thyroid, External laryngeal N
Inferior thyroid A is for _________. It is accompanied by _______nerve
Inferior part of thyroid, recurrent laryngeal N
