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Endo 207 > all > Flashcards

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1
Q

Levator prostatae and sphincter vaginae are formed from

A

ANTERIOR fibers levator ani

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2
Q

Puborectalis forms a U-shaped sling around

A

anorectal junction.

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3
Q

Levator ani is innervated by

A

superior part S4
Inferior part inferior rectal

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4
Q

Posterior border of levator ani is related to

A

coggyeus

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5
Q

Relations ischiorectal fossa: (medial and lateral wall)

A

Medial wall = levator ani & external anal sphincter
LateraL = pudendaL n.&vessels & obturator fascia

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6
Q

Name of the internal iliac artery branches posterior trunk

A

Iliolumbar
Two lateral sacral arteries
Superior gluteal artery

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7
Q

Name of the anterior trunk of internal iliac artery

A

Parietal:

obturator artery
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal

Visceral branches:

Middle rectal A Prostate and vagina and Urinary
Inferior Vesical A Prostate and Urinary
Superior Vesical A Prostrate and Vas deferens and Urinary
Umbilical A Urinary and seminal
Uterine A Everything female

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8
Q

The ureter is crossed by?

A

uterine artery

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9
Q

During surgical removal of uterus and uterine artery
the surgeon must be careful not to injure:

A

Ureter

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10
Q

Ureter is innervated by

A

inferior vesical and gonadal

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11
Q

Urinary bladder relations? (post surface/base)

A

seminal vesical

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12
Q

Which is related to neck of the bladder?

A

Prostate

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13
Q

Apex of the bladder is continuous with

A

median umbilical ligament

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14
Q

Urinary bladder is ENDODERM in origin EXCEPT

A

Trigone is mesodermal

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15
Q

INTERURETERIC CREST connects/ extends between

A

ureteric orifices

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16
Q

Urinary bladder IS COVERED BY

A

PERITONEUM.

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17
Q

Which structure is present at female urethera? How long is it?

A

→Sphincter uretherae
4cm

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18
Q

The male urethera is ____ in lenght. Its parts are_______(4)

A

18-20 cm,
Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous and penile

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19
Q

The preprostatic part prevents?

A

retrograde ejaculate flow into urethra

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20
Q

WIDEST, MOST DILATABLE PART in male
urethera

A

PROSTATIC

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21
Q

NARROWEST, LEAST DILATABLE PART→

A

MEMBRANOUS

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22
Q

which part of urethra : pierces urogenital diaphragm

A

Membranous

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23
Q

Which structures open at prostatic urethera?

A

2 Ejaculatory ducts & prostatic utricle

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24
Q

Prostatic urethera Length:

A

3-4 cm

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25
Q

Penile urethera shows 2 dilatations:

A

navicular fossa
& intra-bulbar fossa.

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26
Q

Narrowest part of whole urethera:

A

external
uretheral meatus.

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27
Q

Structures within/ open at prostate?

A

Prostatic urethera, 2 ejaculatory ducts, prostatic
utricle ( open at POSTERIOR wall)

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28
Q

PROSTATIC VENOUS PLEXUS
Recieves :
Drains:

A

DEEP dorsal vein of penis +
internal iliac veins.

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29
Q

which structure joins VAS to form ejaculatory duct

A

seminal vesicles

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30
Q

Penis attachment

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle attached to public
arches

Bulbospongiosus muscle attached to perineal
membrane

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31
Q

The rectum begins at level ____ and its posterior relation is_____

A

S3
Sacral plexus

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32
Q

Structures found in pre-rectal examinations in males (6)

A

-External anal sphincter
-Penis bulb, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas
-urinary bladder BASE

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33
Q

Structures palpated in female in pre rectal exam (3)

A

External anal sphincter, cervix, BACK of vagina.

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34
Q

The anal valves lies at level to

A

pectinate line

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35
Q

Columns of morgagni is a feature of

A

anal canal

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36
Q

The upper part of the anal canal is ______ and ______to pain
The lower part below pectinate line is ________and _________to pain

A

Endodermal, insensitive
Ectodermal, sensitive

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37
Q

External piles? hemorrhoids are drained by

A

internal illiac lymph nodes
Superifical inguinal LN

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38
Q

The deep part of the anal canal as reinforced by

A

puborectalis or levator ani

39
Q

What are the branches of internal pudnedal artery

A

Inferior rectal
Perineal
Artery of bulb
Urethral artery
dorsal penis
Deep penis

40
Q

Pars distalis is covered in _________. Has ________capillaries. They have 2 groups

A

reticular CT.
fenestrated
Chromophobes (52) and chromophils (48)

41
Q

Chromophils are classified into

A

Acidophils
Basophils

42
Q

what are the two types of Acidiophils

A

Somatotrophs and mamotrophs

43
Q

Somatotrophs secrete_______. They are __________ in shape and have a ______ (shape) nucleus. They have positive reaction to _________.

A

GH
Spherical
central rounded
Orange G

44
Q

Mammotrophs secrete_______. They are __________ in shape and have a ______ (shape) nucleus. They have positive reaction to _________.

A

Prolactin
Oval
oval nuclei
carmine

45
Q

Thyrotrophs release__________. They have ________ nucleus

A

TSH
rounded

46
Q

Corticotrophs release__________(4). They have ________ nucleus

A

ACTH
MSH (meloncyte stimulation)
Endorphin
Lipotropic factor
oval

47
Q

Gonadotrophs are _________ in shape

A

rounded

48
Q

Castration causes _________to increase in number. They squish together forming a _______ appearance

A

Gonadotrophs
signet ring

49
Q

Infundibulum is a

A

collection of nerve fibers connecting hypothalamus to parsa nervosa

50
Q

Pitiucytes are

A

Branched supporting neuroglial

51
Q

Herring bodies are acidiophilic, they contain (2)

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

52
Q

Funtion of pars nervosa

A

store oxytocin and ADH

53
Q

Parsa intermedia is supplied by _____while pars nervos is supplied by _____

A

superior hypophyseal
inferior hypophyseal

54
Q

Parsa intermedia is supplied by _____while pars nervos is supplied by _____

A

superior hypophyseal
inferior hypophyseal

55
Q

Zona Glomerulus is _______in shape. It is the ________ zone. Rich in mitochonria, G.A, sER and ____ fat cells. They secrete ______

A

columnar and basal rounded nuclei
narrowest
FEW
mineralocorticoids

56
Q

Zona Fasciculata is ________ in shape separated by ________ capillaries. It is the _______ zone. They are called __________ and have central rounded nuclei. They secrete ____

A

Polyhedral
fenestrated capillaries
widest
glucocorticoids
They have many fats

57
Q

Zona reticularis is ________ in shape separated by ________ capillaries. It is the _______ zone. have central rounded nuclei. They secrete ____

A

Polyhedral
blood sinusoids
Deepest
Secrete androgen

58
Q

The medulla is _______ in origin while Cortex is _______ in origin. The medulla has two cells _____ and is _________essential to life. They secrete______ and have a ______ reaction to chromaffin.

A

Ectodermal
Mesodermal
Chromaffin and nerve cells
Less
Adrenaline noradrenaline and enkephalins
positive

59
Q

Paraganglia are masses of ______cells, They secrete______

A

Chromaffin cells
adrenaline and noeradrenaline

60
Q

Thyroid follicles are ______ in shape surrounded by fesentrated blood vessels. They are lined by ________and surrounded by lumen. It has 2 types: _____

A

rounded
simple cuboidal epithelium
Follicular (98%) and Parafollicular (2%)

61
Q

Follicular cells release _______. They have _________and _______junctions. Becomes _______ in hyperthyroidism and becomes _______in hypothyroidism

A

T3 and T4
short microvilli
tight junctions
Columnar
Flat squamous

62
Q

Parafollicular cells (2%) it has _______ cytoplasm and it is stained by ____. They are also known as ______and secrete______

A

paler
Ag
C-cells
calcitonin

63
Q

Iodinated thyroglobulin are stored as

A

Thyroid colloid

64
Q

Chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid gland are _______cells with _______nucleus. Have ________cytoplasm, Secrete _______. Funtion is _______

A

Polygonal
central rounded
basophilic
secretory granules
Secrete parathyroid hormone

65
Q

Oxyphils of parathyroid increase with ______. They are _______in shape. have _____cytoplasm. Function is

A

Age
Oval
acidophilic
not yet known

66
Q

Pinealocytes (in pineal body) are ________cells. They have _______ nucleus. They have _____ and are innervated by _____nerve fibers. They secrete ______(2)

A

Large branched cells
large pale
basophilic
Unmyelinated
Serotonin and melatonin

67
Q

The most susceptible acini for prostate cancer is

A

peripheral zone

68
Q

The cremastic muscle is (muscle types)

A

Longitudinal striated

69
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary 7

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

70
Q

What are the steroid hormones? (6)

A

Androgens
Estrogens
Testosterone
progesterone
Mineralocorticoids
cortisol

71
Q

Cortisol actions 7

A

Increase blood glucose
Increase GFR
Increase RBC
Increase WBC
Catabolic (less protein synthesis)
increase gluconeogenesis
has anti insulin action, so gives brain more blood

72
Q

Cushing syndrome is______. They have 3 main physical features which are:

A

Hypercortisolism
Moon face and hirsutism and trunkal obesity

73
Q

What are the pharmacological actions of cortisol?

A

Reduces collagen I synthesis
Antagonizes growth of bone and CT
Blocks EARLY stages of inflammation
prevents histamine release.

74
Q

Osteoclast funtion

A

degrade bone to remodel

75
Q

Addison’s disease mean

A

no cortisol
no aldostrone
low blood pressure
hypoglycemia

76
Q

Conns syndrome is_______
its manifestations are

A

hyper aldostronemia
Tingling, cramps, hypertension, thirst and frequent urination

77
Q

Corpus luteum release 2 hormones which do what

A

Estrogen/Progestrone
They repair endometrium so prostaglandins don’t cause necrosis

78
Q

Progestrone decreases ___and______. It also increases __________ and ___________.

A

LH and Ovulation
Sodium and water retention and temperature for women

79
Q

lateral relations of ureter are

A

External iliac and obturator A+V+N

80
Q

The 3 parts of the levator ani are

A

Anterior: levator prostate or sphincter vaginae
Puborectalis
Anocossygeus

81
Q

All bladder is _________ in origin except the trigone which is __________in origin.

A

ENDODERMAL
MESODERMAL

82
Q

Relations of prostate: Inferior, Anterior, Posterior

A

Inferior Levator ani
Anterior Venous plexus and Puboprostatic ligaments
Posterior Ejaculatory duct, capsule and denevur fascia

83
Q

Content of ishiorectal fossa

A

Inferior vessels
Perineal Nerve
Posterior scrotal A

84
Q

Ejaculatory duct is made up of two things

A

Seminal vesical and vasa different

85
Q

Internal pudendal N branches

A

Dorsal N
Inferior rectal N
Perineal N

86
Q

Deep perineal pouch contents 6

A

Membranous urethra
Bulbourethral
Vagina
Deep perineal muscles
Sphincter urethra
Dorsal nerve of penis

87
Q

The sphincter has the same nerve supply as

A

Levator ani S4 and inferior rectal

88
Q

The rectum is ________ covered in peritonum

A

partially covered in peritoneum. Only lower part has no peritoneum

89
Q

The upper part of the anal canal is _________ while lower part is __________

A

Endo
Ecto

90
Q

The vas diff is ______ in length

A

45cm

91
Q

Pituitary relations superior, inferior, anterior, back

A

Superior: hypothalmus
Inferior: Sphenoid sinus
Anterior: Optic chiasm
Behind: midbrain

92
Q

Thyroid relations: Superior, inferior, posterior, lateral and superficial.

A

Superior: Superior thyroid A
Inferior: Inferior thyroid vein
lateral: all sterno muscles
Superficial anterior jugular and sternohyoid

93
Q

Superior thyroid A is for _________. It is accompanied by ______ nerve

A

Upper part of thyroid, External laryngeal N

94
Q

Inferior thyroid A is for _________. It is accompanied by _______nerve

A

Inferior part of thyroid, recurrent laryngeal N

Endo 207 (1 decks)

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