ALL Flashcards
Muscle Imbalances
Alteration of a muscle length surrounding a joint
Obesity
The condition of being considerably overweight and refers to a person with a body mass index of 30 or greater, or who is at least 30 pounds over his or her recommended weight
What is the BMI of a typical obese individual
30 or greater
Refers to a person with a body mass index of 25-29.9 or who is between 25-30 pounds over the recommended weight
Overweight
These are also known as cholesterol and triglycerides and are carried in the bloodstream by protein molecules known as HDL and LDL
Blood lipids
Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fats and proteins
Diabetes mellitus
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility and a lack of core and joint stability
Deconditioned
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body positions and limb movement
Proprioception
An unstable physical situation in which exercises are performed that cause the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms (examples include using stability balls and single-leg squats versus traditional
Proprioceptively enriched movement
Smaller divisions of training progressions that fall within the three building blocks of training
Phases of training
A muscle’s ability to contract for an extended period
Muscular endurance
The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion
Neuromuscular efficiency
What is the first phase of training that should be completed before anything else to prevent injury and or tension at the joints
Stabilization training
The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power
Prime mover
Set of two exercises that are performed back-to-back without any rest between them
Superset
What type of training goal should be done by individuals with a goal of maximal muscle growth
Hypertrophy training
ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate of force production
the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
human movement systems
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body
Nervous system
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
Integrative function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
Motor function
The functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
These neuron transmit nerve impulses from effector sites via receptors to the brain and spinal cord – respond to touch, sound light and other stimuli
Sensory neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Motor neurons
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory receptor responsible for sensing distortion and pressure in body tissues
Mechanoreceptors
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi-tendon organs
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and declaration of the joint
Joint receptors
The body’s framework composed of bones and joints
Skeletal system
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Bones
Junction of bones, muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs
Joints
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Axial Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular Skeleton
The link between the axial and appendicular skeleton
Pelvic girdle
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Remodeling
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
Osteoclasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
Osteoblasts
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production
Epiphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone
Diaphysis
The region of a long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis – a layer of cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs
Epiphyseal plate
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone
Periosteum
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Medullar cavity
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bone
Articular cartilage
flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites
depressions
projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
processes
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Vertebral column
1st Seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column
cervical spine
twelve vertebrae located in the upper/middle back behind the ribs
thoracic spine
five vertebrae of the low back below the thoracic spine
lumbar spine
triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
sacrum
located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone
coccyx
More specific term for joint motion
anthrokinematics
joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
synovial joints
This joint is a non-axial joint and is the simplest moving of all joints
gliding joint
these joints because the condyle of one bone fits into the cavity of another bone to form the joint
condyloid joints
uniaxial joint allowing movement predominately in only the saggital plane
hinge joint
this joint is only found in the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb, allowing movement in two planes of motion
saddle joint
these joints are found in the atlantoaxiao joint at the base of the skull and the radioulnar joint of the elbow, allowing movement in one plane of motion
pivot joints
these are the most mobile of all joints, allowing movement in all three planes
ball-and-socket joints
joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
Nonsynovial joint
primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance and the limitation of improper joint movement
ligament
What is the best type of exercise for bone strength and health
weight-bearing exercise
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
muscular system
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle
epimysium
the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
perimysium
the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
endomysium
connective tissue that attach muscle to bone and provide as an anchor for muscles to produce force
tendons
the functional unit of a muscle that produces muscular contraction and consist of repeating sections of actin and myosin
sarcomere
the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
neural activation
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it activates
motor unit
chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction that transmit impulses from nerve to muscle
neurotransmitters
Type 1 Muscle fibers also known as ( ) muscle fibers have a high oxidative capacity and don’t fatigue as easily
Slow-twitch
Type 2 muscle fibers also known as (. ) muscle fibers have a low and oxidative capacity and fatigue easily
fast-twitch
these hormones help prepare the body for activity and are participants in the fight or flight reflex
catecholamines
In both men and women, this hormone plays a major role in the growth and repair of tissue
Testosterone
This hormone is referred to as a catabolic hormone and is associated with tissue breakdown
Cortisol
This hormone is primarily an anabolic hormone that is responsible for most growth and development during childhood up until puberty
Growth Hormone
These hormones are responsible for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
Thyroid hormones
a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction
heart
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs
Mediastinum
A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate aka the pacemaker of the heart
SA Node
A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the tight atrium of the heart, that receives the heartbeat impulse from the SA node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles
AV Node
the superior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forced it into the ventricles
Atrium
The inferior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the corresponding atrium, in turn, forces blood into the arteries
Ventricle
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
Stroke volume
The rate at which the heart pumps
Heart rate
heart rate x stroke volume; the overall performance of the heart
cardiac output
networks of hollow tubes that circulate blood through the body
blood vessels
vessels that transport blood away from the heart
arteries
The smaller blood vessels and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and tissues
capillaries
vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart
veins
small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries
arterioles
the very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins
venules
a system of organs that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream
respiratory system
skeletal structures and soft tissues that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration
respiratory pump
the process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body
inspiration
the process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body
expiration
the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body
diffusion
the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion
Maximal Oxygen Consumption; VO2 Max
The study of energy in the human body
bioenergetics
all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself – process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used and disposed of the body
metabolism
the examination of bioenergetic as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise
exercise metabolism
the material or substance on which an enzyme acts
substrates
organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which are an important source of energy
carbohydrates
a simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat and to a lesser extent protein
glucose
