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1
Q

Who suggested that there are three ways in which people conform to the opinion of a majority in 1958?

A

Herbert Kelman

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2
Q

Which types of conformity uses NSI to explain it?

A

Compliance and Identification

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3
Q

Findings of Milgram’s Study

A

65% continued to the highest level of 450 volts.

All participants continued to 300 volts

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4
Q

How many variations are there in Milgram’s study?

A

18

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5
Q

What are some of the variations in Milgram’s study?

A

Someone else administers the shock, rundown building, teacher and learner in same room, teacher force learner’s hand on shock plate, experimenter gave instructions to the teacher over the phone, everyday clothes

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6
Q

Who is the learner in Milgram’s Study?

A

Confederate who was given the shock

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7
Q

Results of Milgram’s Variation (someone else administering the shock)

A

92.5%

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8
Q

Results of Milgram’s Variation (rundown office)

A

48%

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9
Q

Results of Milgram’s Variation (same room)

A

40%

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10
Q

Results of Milgram’s Variation (forced)

A

30%

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11
Q

Results of Milgram’s Variation (phone instructions)

A

20%

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12
Q

Situational Variables

A

Features of the immediate physical and social environment which may influence a person’s behaviour

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13
Q

Dispositional Variables

A

Behaviour is explained in terms of personality

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14
Q

Most common situational variables

A

Proximity, location, uniform

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15
Q

Proximity

A

Physical closeness or distance of an authority figure to the person they are giving an order to.

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16
Q

Proximity in Milgram’s study

A

Teacher and Learner in the same room. Teacher formed Learner’s hand on shock plate. Instructions over the phone.

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17
Q

Location

A

The place where an order is issued

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18
Q

Uniform

A

People in positions of authority often have a specific outfit that is symbolic of their authority (police officers and judges)

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19
Q

Results of Milgram’s Variation (everyday clothes)

A

20%

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20
Q

Uniform in Milgram’s study

A

Experimenter wore everyday clothes

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21
Q

Agentic State

A

A mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure. Frees us from the demands of our consciences and allows us to obey even a destructive authority figure

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22
Q

Legitimacy of Authority

A

An explanation for obedience which suggests that we are more likely to obey people who we perceive to have authority over us. This authority is justified by the individual’s position of power within a social hierarchy

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23
Q

Autonomous State

A

Free to behave according to their own principles and feel a sense of responsibility for their own actions

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24
Q

What is the shift from autonomy to agency called?

A

Agentic Shift

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25
Q

Why do people have greater power?

A

They have a higher position in a social hierarchy

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26
Q

Binding Factors of the Agentic State

A

Aspects of the situation that allow the person to ignore or minimise the damaging effect of their behaviour and therefore reducing the ‘moral stain’ they are feeling.

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27
Q

Consequences of legitimacy of authority

A

Some people are granted the power to punish people

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28
Q

Destructive authority

A

When people use their legitimate powers for destructive purposes (e.g. Hitler)

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29
Q

Dispositional explanation

A

Any explanation of how personality influences behaviour.

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30
Q

Authoritarian Personality

A

a person who has extreme respect for authority and is more likely to be obedient to those who hold power over them.

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31
Q

Adorno’s Conclusion on Obedience

A

High level obedience was a psychological disorder.

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32
Q

Authoritarian Personality Characteristics

A

Extreme respect for authority. Society was weaker than it once was. Believe in traditional values. Show contempt for those of inferior social status. Uncomfortable with uncertainty.

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33
Q

Origins of authoritarian personality

A

Harsh parenting (strict discipline, high standards and conditional love)

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34
Q

Why does harsh parenting lead to an authoritarian personality?

A

Creates resentment and hostility. Fears are displaced onto others who they perceive to be weaker

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35
Q

Psychodynamic Explanation

A

Hatred towards people considered to be socially inferior or who belong to other social groups

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36
Q

Finding’s of Adorno et al.

A

People who scored high on the F -scale identified with ‘strong’ people and were generally contemptuous of the ‘weak’

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37
Q

Evaluation of Adorno et al

A

Subjective (based on F-scale)

38
Q

Resistance to Social Influence

A

Refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority.

39
Q

What influences the ability to withstand social pressure?

A

Situational and dispositional factors

40
Q

Social Support

A

The presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same.

41
Q

Locus of Control

A

Refers to the sense we each have about what directs events in our lives

42
Q

What allows the pressure to conform to be resisted?

A

Other people present who are not conforming

43
Q

What does social support enable?

A

A naïve participant is free to follow their own conscience. More people will now also resist and it shows the majority is no longer unanimous

44
Q

Who proposed Locus of Control?

A

Julian Rotter (1966)

45
Q

Locus of Control Continuum

A

LOC is a scale and individuals vary in their position on it, they are not just either internal or external

46
Q

Resistance to pressures to conform or obey people with a high LOC?

A

More able to resist

47
Q

Minority Influence

A

A form of social influence in which a minority of people persuades others to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours

48
Q

What does minority influence lead to?

A

Internalisation or Conversion

49
Q

3 factors of minority influence

A

Consistency, Commitment, Flexibility

50
Q

Consistency

A

Minority influence is most effective if the minority keeps the same beliefs

51
Q

Why is consistency effective?

A

It draws attention to the minority view

52
Q

Commitment

A

Minority influence is more powerful if the minority demonstrates dedication to their position - making sacrifices

53
Q

Why is commitment effective?

A

Minority not acting out of self-interest

54
Q

Flexibility

A

Relentless consistency could be counter-productive if it is seen by the majority as unbending and unreasonable.

55
Q

Why is flexibility effective?

A

Shows minority is willing to compromise.

56
Q

Who studied minority influence?

A

Serge Moscovici

57
Q

Synchronic Consistency

A

People in the minority are all saying the same thing

58
Q

Diachronic Consistency

A

Consistency by the minority over time

59
Q

Augmentation Principle

A

Whichever is stronger the will to act with consequences or the will not to act because of the consequences

60
Q

What are the findings of the Asch study?

A

32% conformed with the clearly incorrect majority on the critical trials.

75% of participants conformed at least once.

61
Q

Evaluation of Asch’s Study

A

Lacks population validity, lacks ecological validity, low temporal validity, ethical issues (psychological stress, deception)

62
Q

Who developed the two-process theory arguing that there are two main reasons people conform in 1955?

A

Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard

63
Q

Informational Social Influence (ISI)

A

Conforming to gain knowledge and be correct. To act appropriately and avoid standing out.

64
Q

Which type of conformity uses ISI to explain it?

A

Internalisation

65
Q

Normative Social Influence (NSI)

A

Conforming to be accepted and belong to a group. Makes it socially rewarding to avoid punishment

66
Q

Social Roles

A

The ‘parts’ people play as members of various social groups

67
Q

Which case study supports conformity to social roles?

A

The Stanford Prison Study - Zimbardo et al

68
Q

Findings of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study

A

Within a very short time, guards and prisoners were settling into their new roles, with the guards adopting theirs quickly and easily calling it off after 6 days.

69
Q

Obedience

A

A form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct order. The person issuing the order is usually a figure of authority, who has the power to punish.

70
Q

Which case study supports obedience?

A

Milgram’s Shock Experiment

71
Q

Who is the teacher in Milgram’s Study?

A

Participant who gave the shocks

72
Q

Opposite of situational variables

A

Dispositional variables

73
Q

Location in Milgram’s study

A

Rundown office

74
Q

What is the opposite of agentic state?

A

Autonomous State

75
Q

Which case study supports authoritarian personalities?

A

Adorno et al (1950)

76
Q

Two types of locus of control

A

Internal Locus of Control & External Locus of Control

77
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Believe they are mostly responsible for what happens to them

78
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Believe it is mainly a matter of luck or other outside forces

79
Q

What allows the pressure to obey to be resisted?

A

Another person who is also disobeying

80
Q

Conformity

A

A change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people

81
Q

Which case study supports conformity?

A

Asch’s Baseline Procedure

82
Q

Factors affecting Conformity

A

Group size, unanimity, task difficulty, answer in private

83
Q

3 Types of Conformity

A

Internalisation, identification, compliance

84
Q

Internalisation

A

The deepest type of conformity resulting in a change in private and public behaviour lasting for a long time without the group

85
Q

Identification

A

The middle type of conformity resulting in a change in public and private behaviours lasting for a short time only in the presence of a group

86
Q

Compliance

A

The lowest type of conformity resulting in a change in public behaviour but not in private behaviour lasting for a short time

87
Q

2 Explanations of Conformity

A

Informational Social Influence, Normative Social Influence

88
Q

2 Explanations of Conformity

A

Informational Social Influence, Normative Social Influence

89
Q

situational variables affecting obedience

A

proximity and location

90
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience

A

Authoritarian Personality.

91
Q

Explanations for obedience

A

agentic state and legitimacy of authority

Social influence (2 decks)

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