All Flashcards
It can be argued that protecting who’s lives is the highest fire ground priority
Firefighters
Activities that present a significant risk to life ratio shall be limited to ?
situations where there is a potential to save endangered lives
Activities that I routinely employee to protect property shall be recognized as
Inherited risks to the safety of members and actions shall be taken to avoid these risks
No risk to the Safety of a member shall be
Acceptable if there’s no possibility to safe life or property
Fire fighter should not be committed to interior offensive fire fighting operations in
Abandon buildings
Continuous process of identifying hazards/ risks and taking steps to illuminate or reduce them in a rapid changing circumstances
DRA
Dynamic risk assessment
Organizational responsibilities are to select the right personnel for each assignment and for providing them with the following
Information, PPE, needed tools, incident action plan, necessary instructions in training and effective supervision
Those in leadership positions are obligated and acquired to develop 4 critical leadership skills which are (A,M,CR,MA)
Authority, mentoring, conflict resolution and mission analysis
Maintaining situational awareness, walk don’t run, use handrails on mounting, always receive belts, drive apparatus defensively, stop apparatus at intersections, wear PPE never breathe smoke work safely are all examples of
Key safety behaviors
Calls that appear to be relatively easy to handle are called
Routine calls
Firefighters can reduce the hazard of structural Collapse by positioning the Apparatus and hose lines near
The corners of the buildings were there the strongest
Establishing a Collapse zone should be how big?
1.5 times the height of the building
Indications of building collapses
Heavy fire,Walls and floors bowing or sagging, distortion of doors and windows, beams pulling away from supports, little or no runoff using heavy streams, cracks developing or moving, walls dissembling and her steam impact
Creeks, cracks or ground or normally associated with
Collapse
Deadloads greatly increase potential for
Collapse
System by which facilities, appointment, personnel, procedures and communication Are organized to operate within a common organizational structure
Incident command system
Contains the overall strategic goals, tactical objectives and support requirements for a given operational period During an incident
Incident action plan
If a loss FF cannot hear other firefighters or has lost way of contacting them they should attempt to use the emergency egress techniques those techniques are
Locate a hose line follow it out, crawl in a straight line with hands on floor, crawl in one direction, call out or make noises that other firefighters my hear
Safety system on the SBA that allows two units to be hooked together and event that one fails
Emergency escape breathing support system
According to OSHA so called buddy breathing technique are
Unreliable and more likely to produce to victims
A wide variety of ground letters are used by the fire service in North America the following on the most common types
Single ladders, roof letters, folding attic ladders, extension ladders and combination liners
Unless the situation dictates otherwise the longest ground ladder on the scene should be
Deployed first then the next longest etc.
Prior to selecting and positioning ground ladders the Most critical factors are
primary objective (Rescue, window or roof access), Fire location and size and current/ expected fire behavior behavior
Ideal climbing Angle of ground ladders is
75°
Lower end of the ladder
But
Proper distance of a ladders climbing Angle can be determined by
Dividing the used length of the ladder by four
The ladder selected must not only be long enough to reach the objective At a safe climbing angle but
Also extend 3 to 5 rungs above any parapet roof eve
Pools attached to long extension ladder to assist in raising and Steadying the ladder are called
Staypoles
Extendable section of ground extension or Ariel ladder
Fly section
A minimum of how many firefighters are required to raise a pole ladder
For
Metal points at the end of a ladder at Staypoles
Spurs
If a ladder is used for positioning a fire fighter to break a window for ventilation it should be placed by
Along side the window to the Windward side up wind tip even with upper portion of window
If the ladder is used for entry into a window its is usually placed ?
On the middle line on the window slightly below the sill
Ladder at least how many points on different sides of the building for roof access/egress
2
Avoid place in ladders over “what” openings or they may be exposed to flame or excessive heat
Doors and windows
Place ladders on building at strong points such as
Corners
Avoid placing ladders where they may come in to contact with one overhead obstructions
Wire tree limbs or signs
Some non-standard ways FF use ground ladders include
Mechanical advantage systems, positioning and take screeners water removal and bridging
If a gap between buildings is not more than what it’s length a single ladder accumulate over the roof to bridge
1/3
Time available for escape for a building that’s burning can be as little as what after ignition due to heat buildup in a confined space such as a bedroom
11 minutes
When a fire is burning inside a building in the incident commander has to basic choices
Allow the building to burn and use on scene resources to protect in the exposures the most often case or order a surge of the building and aggressive interior attack on the fire
Unless informed by a credible person that all people are out of the building firefighters must
Enter and conduct a primary and secondary search of the building
One of the most important and versatile forcible entry tool is
Rotary saw Also known as rescue saw
When cutting metal size produce tremendous amounts of spark that can ignite adjacent combustibles therefore what tool should not be used ?
Rotary size should not be used to cut metal when flammable fuel is close
Replace 12 tooth wood cutting blades when
Two or more teeth are damaged
Replace 24 tooth but cutting blades when
Eight or more teeth are damaged
Replaced concrete or metal cutting blades when
They have been worn down sufficiently for the way to fit inside an 8 inch circle
Heavy tar roof, light gauge metal roof, composition roof, wooden shingle roof, wooden structural members and metal clad roof blade used
Carbon tipped
Heavy roof covering, wooden roof, wooden structure member, light gauge metal roof, metal clad wooden requires which forcible entry blade
Composite carbide
Metal roof coverings, steel structural components and Heavy forcible entry type of blade
Composite metal
Brick, con creek, tile and stucco use what kind of blade?
Composite Masonary dry cut
The five step size up process that will indicate the tool and technique needed to force Entry
Type of door, Type of frame around the door, type of wall the door is setting, type of hinge/locks and door movement
Before forcing A door you should
Try before you pry
What are sidelight
Glass panes next to the doors that can be used to force
Type of glass specially treated to become harder and more brake resistance then plate glass or single sheet of laminated glass(not lexan)
Tempered glass
Door whose entire car is filled with solid materials
Solid core door
Hardware mounted on exit doors in public buildings that locked from the inside and enable doors to be opened by pressure if applied
Panic hardware
Groove cuts in the surface or on the edge of a board to receive another member?
Rabbet
Double acting doors do what
Swing both Inward/outward on Pivot pins top and bottom
Panic hardware is commonly found in
Commercial building such as theater is not a Taureans with fixed seating or large open banquet halls
Best tool to use for forcing and inward swinging metal door set an a metal frame
Rotary saw with a metal cutting blade
Ways to cut around locking mechanisms
45° cut and Three perpendicular cuts
What is a softening of the building
Forcing open all doors
In addition to standard doors at office buildings to industrial and institutional occupancies these buildings may also have
Tilt slab roll up, Five folding or telescoping service doors and are found wherever large while opening that I needed like loading docks
What Metal roll up doors that are exactly like conventional steal roll up doors
Sheet curtain doors 
Doors found at aircraft hangers are called
By folding doors
One of the most common methods of cutting through a roll up or she turned door is two
Make a large Triangle cut
When making a triangle cut in a big door The Apex of the triangle should be at least what high and where on the door ?
6 feet high in the middle of the door, the higher the better .
Alternative to the triangle cut for opening roll up or she curtain doors
Make a vertical cut down the middle of the door and pull slides from both sides of the door
Movable part of a deadbolt lock that extends from the lock mechanism into the door
Deadbolt
Opening a window is preferable to
Breaking the glass
The size up for a window is what
Type of window, glass, frame, walking or latching mechanism and security device
Types of windows
Dh, H, P, A, H, S
Double hung, hinged, projected, awning, hurricane and high security
Firefighters breaking windows should be
Upwind and in full PPE including eye Protection
Using the tips of a ladder to break a second-story window is
Dangerous and not recommended
Modern security windows are likely to have pains of
Lexan
polycarbonate plastic that is many times stronger than safety glass or plastic glass
Lexan
Examples of thermal plastic windows
P.P.L.A
Plexiglass, Polycarbonated, lexan and acrylic
What is the only fire service tool that will cut through lexan.
A rotary saw
Shattering a plexiglass windows done by
Scoring a large x on the pain and then striking the intersection of the x With the point of the pick head
A sheet of plastic that a sandwich between two layers of plain glass
Laminated glass
Another form of security window is wr
Wired glass
Windows of many building especially those in the south and west halls have a reflection film applied to the inside of the glass to reduce glare from the sun this is called
Film coded glass
Tools most commonly used to Breach exterior walls are
Rotary saw, circular saw, battering ram, sledgehammer, concrete breaker Air chisel
Windows covered by metal roll up Sheet curtains are called Sw
Shuttered windows
One of the fastest ways to make a usable opening in an exterior wall is to
Make two vertical cut down the bottom corners of the window openings to the floor
Most common types of exterior walls are
Wood frame, Masonary, concrete metal
Construction material made a many small wooden pieces (strands) bonded together to form sheets similar to plywood
Oriented strand board
Widely used interior finish material consists of a core of calcined gypsum 
gypsum Wallboard
Buildings utility should be before cutting
Secured or turned off
Horizontal layer of individual Masonary units
Course
Course of bricks with the ends of the bricks facing outward
Header course
Steel bars at her place inside concrete
Rebar
Signal given to the inside come in there that has specific area has been checked for victims and none have been found
All clear
Building specs include
CT, O, A
Construction type, occupancy and age of the building
Weight of the structure, structural member, building components and any other features permanently attached to the building that is immobile
dead load
Building Variables related to the need for search and rescue include
C, OT/L, FS, Fb
Type of construction, followed, occupancy tape/load, size of the fire and
How the fire is behaving
Conducting a search on the floor above the fire is
Very dangerous because of the potential for fire to cut off the means of egress
2 objectives of a building regarding locating victims are
information about there location and extent of the fire
And zero visibility conditions fire fighter must
Tagline or take a charge hose line with them into the building
A primary search is
Rapid but thorough search that has performed either before or simultaneously with fire suppression operation
Firefighters should perform the primary search as close to “what” as possible and why?
As close to the seed of the fire as possible because the most severely threatened victims will be there
Once a fire floor is checked the floor directly above ??
Should be checked
I after the all clear has been declared In the building being checked what must be checked ?
Exposures
Safety process used in rescue we’re too minimum rescuers must remain in contact with each other at all times
Buddy system
Every search team should have at least what tools on them
Portable radio, family, forcible entry door, TIC and marking devices
Most imaging use one of the two technologies
microbolometer or barium,strontium and titanium
Imagers can also be put on a service at least temporary by becoming overheated known as
White out
Firefighters can create safe zone by
Closing interior doors to isolate the fire and then remove heat and smoke from involve the area with positive ventilation or hydraulic ventilation
If a door is hot to touch it should not be open until
A charged hose line is a position
Inward opening doors firefighters should stay on what side
Hinged said not latched side
It’s very important for search team to check
Bathrooms, tubs, showers, closets, basement attic rooms as well as under the bed behind furniture and any other areas Pp would seeek shelter
If a TIc is unavailable to search room what is the procedure firefighters do
One firefighters at the door while the other search of the room
VES STANDS FOR
Vent, enter and search
VES Is used where the fire has
Cut off normal means of entry into an egress from some parts of a burning building. People become trapped in areas feeling with smoke in the decision to use the technique may be justified
Firefighters performing VES must be aware of the possibility of initiating
Backdraft in the room when they break the glass or open the window
When making marks to indicate a room is searched what part of the door do you make it
The lower third of the wall or door so they’re more likely to be visible under smoke layer
When searching larger complex spaces that are filled with smoke some departments war employee primary search system that uses a dedicated search online these lines are how long
200 feet of 38 inch rope with a Kevlar Coding for maximum abrasion protection and heat resistant
When using a search line what happens every 20 feet
A 2 inch steel ring is tied into the search line immediately after each ring one or more nights are tied to the search line to indicate distance after this first ring one night in the cage 20 feet in the beginning of the line
The knots made after the ring of a search line are always after
The ring
Who carries the road bag
Lead
The lead is a company closely by another member called
The navigator who is equipped with a radio and white and TIC
The navigator keeps command informed of
Their progress by reporting how many knots they are into the building what the conditions are And what they have found
Having occupants remain in the structure or Vehicle in order to provide protection from rapidly approaching hazard is called
Shelter in place
Secondary search is conducted
After the fire is under control and the most serious hazards have been mitigated
Most critical areas in multi story buildings are
The fire four, four directly above the fire and the top most floors
In buildings with multiple stairways one should be designated for ? And the other ?
Occupants egress and another for fire fighter operations
When removing a victim to safety or exit the building firefighters must turn in the
Opposite direction from which they used to enter the room
An exception in the two in to out rule is
If they are known lives at risk the first arriving company may enter to save a life
-International distress signal broadcast it by voice
May Day
Portable device that allows two or more persons to carry the sick or injured while keeping the patient on immobile
Litter
RIT Operations on scene can be classified into two modes which are
Standby and employed
Typical tasks for RIC teams In standby mode include
Placing ladders forcing doors removing security features and making additional openings to the building
RIC Leader must obtain the following information
How many firefighters are in distress, last no more occasion, has radio contact and established, radio channel on with transmit, if a tagline or Jose can be used to help me locate
If firefighters are seriously injured they should be
Medically stabilized before moving if conditions allow however if I conditions are bad you should move them immediately
Before actually ventilating a building
Consideration must be given to the readiness of ?
Attack crews getting line in place , Search and rescue and exposure protection
Technique that uses the wind convection current and other natural phenomena to ventilate a structure
Natural ventilation
A methodical (established form) Thought approach to changing the ventilation profile of a structure
Tv
Tactical ventilation
Effective tactical ventilation of a structure can draw
Heat, smoke and toxic fire gasesaway from both trap Occupants and firefighters
Tactical ventilation also decreases the chances of
Rollover, flashover or backdraft
What improves visibility inside a burning building making it easier for a crews to attack and look at the fire
tactical ventilation
Type of ventilation that uses fans blowers and smoky directors to remove smoke
Mechanical ventilation
AFour stages of fire
IncipientGrowth fully developed and decay
Increasing the air supply to a ventilation control compartment fire will cause
The heat release rate to Rapidly increaseWhich if not controlled correctly it will induce flashover
In a closed compartment, a ventilated controlled fire made progress into what phase as the available oxygen is Consumed
Deay
Providing an increasing air supply to a ventilated controlled fire in decay stage can result in?
Ventilation induced flashover or backdraft 
Variables and smoke behavior that firefighters look for when showing up at working structure fire are
V, C, AF
Smoke volume, smoke color intensity and air flow
At structure fires one should assume until proven otherwise that a lots of smoke equals
Lots of fire
Petroleum based organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbon fuels
Whitish gray smoke generally indicates
Wood or paper is being burned with abundant oxygen
Dense black smoke generally is produced by
Hydrocarbon containing patroleum based material
Two categories of smoke density are
Optical density and physical density
Term used to describe how difficult it is to see through smoke
Optical density / physical
What describes how buoyant the smoke is regarding density ?
Physical density
Smoke that is Buoyant will
Rise quickly and smoke that is not we’ll hang closer to the floor
Buoyancy is related to the what of the smoke
Temperature the higher the temperature the more Buoyant the smoke
If smoking gases are confined what is created. ?
Pressure is created
When the entire space within a compartment is filled with smoke the smoke will be forced
Out under pressure through every available opening the higher the pressure the greater the of the movement
For critical building construction factors should be considered for the purpose of Ventilation size of
B,p/N F and s f
type of building, positive and negative features and occupant specific instruction features
Many older buildings for construction with the walls of
Unreinforced Masonary typically break giving them more capacity to contain the fire longer than Wood frame Increase chance of Backdraft conditions also prone to collapse
Older frame buildings are most often built from what kind of wood?
Full dimension which retains its strength longer when damage by fire
Nominal dimension lumber used in newer buildings retain strength
For not as long as older buildings
Older buildings are more likely to have what kind of frames that allows virus spread from the basement to the ceiling quickly
Balloon frame
Mini older buildings use what kind of arch system that Have a history of sudden collapse? 2
Lamella or bowstring arch
When copper was in short supply during the Korean and Vietnam Vietnam war some newer buildings had what kind of wiring installed
Aluminum which has been identified as the problem cause from any building fire
Newer buildings are also more likely than all the ones to appropriate what kind of construction material
Light weight
Systematic venting of a structure by controlling which windows and doors are open at any given time (not vent in name )
Compartmentalization
Buildings with penalize roof systems or any other systems that is prone to early collapse will have ASV
Automatic smoke vents
What can be used to vertically ventilator building
Elevator shafts
Coordinating the ventilation operations with rescue in fire operations by 3 components which are ? TLMe
Timing, location and method
One of the most important considerations when ventilating a building is the opening should located where it will ?
draw the fire heat and smoke away from the trap Occupants
Opening doors or windows to let in fresh air to enter is accomplished by
Horizontal ventilation
Opening a structure at the highest point by cutting a hole in the roof or by opening doors cues or skylights as it college by
Vertical ventilation
Openings in wooden or metal rollup doors are often made with
Rotary size
Any device position within the space or in the exit opening to expel or exhaust contaminated air from the space is called
Ejectors
Any device positioned outside of a space to blow fresh air into create a slight positive pressure within it’s called
Blowers
Fans can be driven by
Gasoline electric or hydraulic pressure
Method of ventilating a confined space by mechanically blowing fresh air into the space
Positive pressure ventilation
Technique using smoke ejectors to develop artificial circulation too pull smoke out of a structure
Negative pressure ventilation
Negative pressure ventilation is done by
Placing smoke ejector’s in windows doors or roof fence and injecting the gas is out
What can be used to channel smoke outside a building from a room that doesn’t have a Windows
Flexible ducking
Flexible duct and can be used in both
Negative and positive pressure by dilation
Equipment design and approved for use in flammable atmospheres that is incapable of reaching sufficient electric energy to cause Ignition of a flammable atmosphere mixture
Intrinsically safe equipment
A fixed window does not
Open
Single hung windows have how many movable sections
One
And double hung windows both halves are
Movable
Casement windows are usually open and close using
A small hand crank building is the frame.
Have one or two side hinged outward swinging sashes and the screens are on the inside
Double casement windows may be separated by the fixed panel or simply by vertical posts called a( jacked kid acedemy)
Mullion
These windows consist of a narrow horizontal panel of glass that in pivoting brackets on each end
Jalousie windows
These windows also known as factory windows maybe hinge of the top or bottom I may swing in word or outward outward
Projected
These windows have bottom H.inge Inward swinging sashes.Look like awning windows that have been installed upside down
Hopper
Energy efficient windows are also referred to as
Thermal windows
Because of the superior insulating properties thermal windows Hold in more heat than conventional windows this can delay the fire being seen by who and what? 
Passersby, and accelerate development of flashover conditions and Increase the likelihood of a backdraft
The most significant difference between telescoping doors and other type of service doors is that
Telescoping doors consist of two layer skins separated by at least 2 inches of air space
what is located between the foundation that continues through the footings in the first floor and is well above the ground of the building, occupies a sloping site?
The stemwall
Important factors that must be considered an a plan for horizontal ventilation include
Location of the fire, wind speed and direction and location of ventilation opening
Unprotected side of the direction from which the wind is blowing
Windward
Protect inside the direction opposite from which the wind is blowing
Leeward
which method of ventilating a burning building is most often used
Natural horizontal ventilation
When opening a window for tactical ventilation the exit window should be opened how much more then the inlet window
Twice as large. Open the window in the Leeward side fully and the windward side about half
When smoke ejectors are placed in doorways windows they should be positioned near what part of the opening
The top because convection causes the majority of the heat and smoke to rise
Phenomena of smoke being blown out of the top of the opening only to be drawn back into the compartment at the bottom of the opening by the slight vacuum created by the ejector is called
Churning
Ideally the ventilation exit opening should be made directly over what
The seat of the fire
Vision on rooftops are often Obscured by ?
Weather,smoke and darkness
Before stepping on to a roof a fire fighter should
Read (observe the condition ),sound the floor and continue to do so as long as we are on the roof
solar panels have dangers levels of electrical power up to
600 V
Whenever on the roof it should be laddered on at least
Two sides however it should be ladders on all sides if resources permit it
Factors that firefighters should be looking for before stepping onto the roof
Sagging, roof vents, large puddles Smoke coming from roof fence, heavy downloads solar panels
Roof covered with tile or Slade cannot be what
Sounded an individual pieces must be removed to reveal underline structure
In general the safe points on roof are
Where the roof meets the outside walls, directly over roof supports and ridges or valleys
Masters streams should never be
Directed down into the ventilation Opening
A triangle hole is also known as a
Inspection hole
How much space should be maintained from anyone using a cutting tools in vertical ventilation
At least 10 feet
Most common pitch on a residential room in areas with mild climate
Five and 12 roof
Pitched roofs are Usually supported by
Wooden or metal rafters , Laminatedbeans or engineer trust
Features of a typical shingled roof
Rafters,Sheathing, tarpaper and shingles
Most common examples of pitch roofs are
G,H,L,S
Cable, hip, lantern and a shed style
Gable roof is the most common
Type of roofConstruction
I lantern roof style is found on many
Barnes, churches and commercial buildings with Rural construction
A roof that is half of a gable roof or has a slightly pitched flat roof slopped in one direction only usually from the front of the building to the back
Shed roof
The strongest area of a bridge trust roof is ?
The perimeter of the building where the bottom corner of the trust rests on the outside bearing wall
This roof as a double slope on Each of it’s for sides
Manson roof
What kind of roof is most often found on Barnes
Gabriel roof
What type of roof is used in industries institutional balloons to maximize natural light and ventilation
Sawtooth roof
What kind of roof has two opposing shed roof then meet at the lower edge is in the middle of the building
Butterfly roof
Pitch roof should be vented at
The highest point on the Leeward side directly over the fire
There’s often a concealed space between the flat roof and the ceiling of the top floor below these spaces are called
Attics, cock loft, crawlspace or enter interstitial space
Inverted roofs differ from conventionally flat roofs primarily because
The location of the main roof beam
And a conventional roof system the main joist sit at what level ?
The final roof level, sheathing is it attached to the tops of the joist in the ceiling may be attached to the bottom of the joists
From the outside an inverted roof may look like any other flat roof but the surface may feel ?
Springer spongy to anyone walking on it
The design of an inverted roof often creates
concealed space several feet in height between the ceiling and the roof decking
What do concrete roofs have because of the difficulty in time it takes to cut through them
Building access panels that we can be lifted out in an emergency
Modern mansard roofs most commonly supported by BT
Bridge trusses
What can allow firefighters to fall off the roof in poor visibility conditions
Low parapet walls
Horizontal members between trusses that support the roof
Purlin
Rafters or purlins can sometimes be located how ?
Sounding the roof however most likely it’s necessary to make a diagonal cut in the roof until I structure members found
When cutting the ventilation opening it’s best to work with wind?
At their back
Rectangular exit opening cut and a roof allow a section of roof decking to be tilted
Louver cut
Arched roofs typically are used to support roofs that must
span large open spaces unsupported by pillars or posts
Large groups are typically located at what type of structures
Convention centers exhibition hall’s sporting Arenas
Trussless arch roofs use massive arches of 
steel,concrete or laminated wood
Typically arches are spaced
16-20ft
The three most common types of arch roofs are
Bowstring arch, Bowstring truss Trustless arch lamella arch
Commonly found inOlder buildings a variety of commercial or industrial occupancy’s. Uses an arch with a wooden or metal bottom cord
Bowstring trust roof
These roofs incorporate the same or similar top cord as a truss roof but still TIE RODS ARE USED INSTEAD IF BOTTOM CORDS for lateral support with turnbuckles to maintain proper attention
Bow string arch roof
Bowstring arches steal tie rods have a history of early and sudden
Collapse when the tire rods are exposed to the fire
These roofs use massive arches of steel concrete or laminated wood buttressed Into the ground at each end
Trustless arch roof
Which arch roof or another type of trust is arch made up of interlocking a geometric framework on which link sheathing is lead
Lamella arch roof
When 10 to 20% of all lamella roofs burn away 
Sudden failure of the remainder of the roof is likely
Arched roofs should be ventilated
At the top of the arch directly over the fire or buy a long narrow strip been along the centerline of the roof
What are used to counteract forces place on the arch
Buttresses
Rectangular Masonary column built into a wall
Pilaster
All trusses regardless of the configuration or application or design as a series of
Triangles
All trusses have a top and bottom what connected by
Chords connected by webs
Most common type of roof trusses are
Parallel cord trusses and pitched roof trusses
Form of gasket plate these 10 steel plates are punched with accurately be shaped holes that form sharp prongs on one side of the penetrate the wooden member to fasten them together GN
Gang nails
Open web trust constructed entirely of steel with steel bars used as the web members BJ
Bar joist
Bar joist are most commonly used to
Support a steel deck roof that is welded to the joist
Common pitched roof cross configurations are called HPF
Howe,Pratt and fink
Steeler wooden structural members consisting of a top bottom flange joined by Center web section So that the cross-section resembles a capital I
I beam
Layer of material between the roof deck and the roof covering that may or may not be mounted to the roof covering most commonly roof felt or tarpaper
Substrate
Two main differences between wooden shakes and shingles
Shake so much thinner than shingles and are split from large blocks of woods so the shape and thickness or not uniform
First layer of roofing covering play directly over the Rafters
Sheathing
Tar and gravel roof coverings are very common on
Flat or nearly flat roofs
Petroleum based product that softens with an increase of temperature in hardens with a decrease in temperature but does not undergo any chemical change
Thermoplastic
Urethane/isocyanate foam
Are applied to roofs in 2 forms
One form of 4×8 foot Sheets of Foam insulation the other form is called formed in place application
Wooden strips fastened to the wall floor or ceiling for the purpose of attaching a finish material
Furring strips
Normally square or rectangle metal Covered hatches that provide an exit from an attic or cockloft on to the roof
Scuttle hatches
Top of stairway to terminate on the roof
Penthouses
Square rectangle structures that penetrate the roof of a single story building to provide additional natural light or ventilation
Monitors
Lights and ventilation shafts act as
Natural chimneys during a fire
Fastest and most efficient way of opening a roof is what cut ?
Louver cut
Two methods of louver cuts
Center rafter cut and dicing
Defensive tactics involves cutting an exit opening in the roof of a burning building
Trench ventilation
In high-rise fire fights, the individual responsible for and the process of
I taking in maintaining control of the lobby and elevators in a high-rise fire fighting situation
Lobby control
Elevator serving the lower floor of a building floors 1-10
Low rise elevators
Elevators aren’t serving only the floors between low rise in high-rise elevators for 10 through 20
Mid rise elevators
Elevators serving floors 20 to 30
Hi rise elevators
Elevator usually serving only ground floor and the upper most floors of the building for example the 1st floor and the 31st floor
Express elevator
Serving floors with large items
Freight elevators
The natural vertical movement of heat and smoke convention in tall buildings
Stack effect
In a high-rise building if it’s hotter inside than outside airflow Will be better to come in at ? Out ?
Inward at the bottom and outward at the top
In a high-rise building if the outside air is hotter than inside the floor will be
Reversed known as reversed stack effect. Outward at the bottom inward at top
Tentative heat smoking other products of combustion to rise until they encounter a horizontal obstruction at this point they will spread laterally until they encounter vertical obstructions in to get your bank down
Mushrooming
Formation of smoke in the layers as a result of DIFFERENCE IN DENSITY with respect to height with low density layers on the top and high density layers on the bottom
Stratification
Most positive pressure ventilation blowers position at street level to reflective up to
22 floors
Ventilation options available for high-rise are
Vertical ventilation, horizontal translation of the fire floor and horizontal ventilation above and below the fire floor
Any elevator that services the fire floor or above should
Not be used by unless the officer in charge on the buyer for determines that it’s safe
One of the most direct means are moving personnel and equipment to the roof of a high-rise building when weather and smoke conditions permit is through the use of
Helicopters
The point within a building especially a high-rise for the theory of pressure equals the atmospheric pressure outside this will move up or down depending on variables of temperature and wind
Neutral pressure plane
Buoyancy causes gas too ?
Rise
Wind produces positive pressure on the Windward side of a building which tends to
Raise the neutral pressure plan
Wind on the Leeward side produces negative pressure which tends to
Lower the neutral wire
Before venting fire horizontally It must be determined that
The movement of air will be helpful to ventilation
Wind can influence stack effect in 2 ways
Positive when pressure causes the neutral pressure plan to rise and negative pressure cause it to fall
Ventilating below the fire is not a common practice but necessary when and due to what ?
Smoke has spread to the Floor below the Fire due to reverse task effect or mushrooming
Device that restrict the flow of the smoke through an air handling system
Smoke damper
HVAC system when controlling smoke more men should be operated by
Qualified building engineer not firefighter
HVAC systems maybe used to assist and location of
Seat of fire
HVAC systems should be used to limit the extension of
Fire and smoke a small as possible areas
HVAC SYSTEMS should not be allowed to SPREAD
Spread fire or smoke beyond area of origin
Vertical boards fire resistant half walls that extend down from the underside of the roof or some commercial buildings that are intended to limit the spread of fire heat smoke and fire gases
Curtan boards
Roof vents and Curtan board or most common in
Large buildings having wide undivided expansion of force base
Automatic roof vents are intended to
Limit the spread of fire within the building by releasing he didn’t smoke to the outside before the fire mushrooms through the building
Curtan boards also known as
Draft curtains
Trying to cut what kind of big opening door is not recommended for
Telescoping doors
Before ventilation or any other fire ground action is ordered the fire should be accurately
Sized up
Strongest points of buildings with arches
Perimeter’s
Movement of smoke being blown out of a ventilated opening only to be drawn back inside by the negative pressure created by the injectors
Churning or recirculating
Lack of oxygen in a fire is considered to a ? 
Ventilation controlled
When there’s Sufficient oxygen available is called ?
Oxygen controlled
When the fire is fuel controlled increasing ventilation will generally do what
Reduce temperatures within the compartment and thereby preventing it’s progress to flashover
Are increasing the air supply to have ventilation controlled fire will do you what?
Increase the rate of heat release and may result in extreme fire behavior
Systematic venting think
Compartmentalization
Difference in densities think
Stratification
