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MSAP week 2 all > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

glucose synthesis from non CHO substrates

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2
Q

Glycogen metabolism:

Glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis

A

Glycogenesis: synth of glucose
glycogenolysis: breakdown of glucose

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3
Q

Pentose pathway

A

created NADPH

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4
Q

Describe Glucose-6-phosphate(G-6-P) several pathways

A
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5
Q

GLUT 2 vs GLUT 4

A

GLUT 2 is liver and is an open door
GLUT 4 is muscle is insulin dependent(needs insulin)

Glucokinase
hexokinase

GH
LM

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6
Q

Which organ has a high capacity for glycolysis

A

Liver, this is where glucose uptake is

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7
Q

Glycolysis input and output

A

IN: 2ATP and 2 NAD+
Out: 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Net: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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8
Q

NAD+ is ___ to NADH

A

Reduced( gain of e-)

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9
Q

10 Steps of Glycolysis

G, G, F, F, D, G, B, P, P, P, P

A
  1. Glucose > Glucose 6 phosphate ATP
  2. G-6-P > Fructose 6 Phosphate
  3. F-6-P > Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate ATP
  4. F-16-B > Dihydroxyacoatne and Glyceraldehyde 3-P
  5. DHAP > G3P
  6. G3P(x2) > 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
  7. 1,3 BPG > 3BPG ATP
  8. 3BPG > 2 BPG
  9. 2BPG > PEP
  10. PEP > Pyruvate(x2) ATP
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10
Q

Glycolysis ATP energy Steps

A

1 and 3 input

7 and 10 output

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11
Q

Which rxn does the NAD+ reduce into NADH in glycolysis

A

Step 6

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12
Q

Under aerobic conditions what occurs w/ NADH that is formed from glycolysis

A

it is oxidized to NAD+ allowing for regulation and to be used again in G-3P

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13
Q

When there is O2 pyruvate is shuttled to Mitochondria via

A

NADH

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14
Q

Ways Glycolysis is regulated

A

GLUT4( needs insulin in muscles)
Formation of G6P(glucokinase and hexokinase)
formation of F1,6 BP main regulation
Regulation of pyruvate kinase(reagent)

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15
Q

How is hexokinase((muscle) inhibited

A

too much G-6-P

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16
Q

How is PFK-1 inhibited in step 3 of glycolysis

A

too much ATP and Citrate

So conversely amplified by AMP

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17
Q

Hormones Insulin vs Glucogen

A

Insulin(too much glucose) stims glycoysis

glycogen(need to store glucose) inhibits glycolysis

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18
Q

Roles of PFK-2 in active state

A

Will convert F6P into F26BP which will activate PFK-1 and lead to glycolysis

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19
Q

roles of PFK-2 in fasting

A

Inhibit f26bp and activate FBPase-2 which leads to gluogensis(storage)

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20
Q

Defencincy in fructose intolerance

A

acute liver problems will have to avoid dietary fructose

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21
Q

In order for pyruvate to enter TCA cycle what must happen

A

it needs to enter the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

which occurs on mitochondria

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22
Q

PDH ___ complex

A

Massive

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23
Q

3 soluble substrates of PDH

A

Pyruvate, CoA, and NAD+

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24
Q

3 enzyme bound cofactors of PDH

A

TPP(VitB1)
Lipoic Acid
FAD+/FADH2

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25
Q

PDH rxn simplified

A

Pyruvate ______> Acyetal CoA
w/ Pyruvate dehydrogenase and NAD+ reduced to NADH
irreversible

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26
Q

What can inhibit PDH

A

NADH and acetyl con so it products too much then there is no need.

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27
Q

Krebs Cycle steps

O C I K S S F M

A

Acetyl CoA comes from Pyruvate in PDH complex

  1. Oxaloacetae + Acetyl CoA > Citrate
  2. Citrate > Isocitrate
  3. Isocitrate > a-Ketogluterate
  4. a-Ketogluterate > Succinyl CoA
  5. Suc CoA > Succinate
  6. Succinate > Fumerate
  7. Fumerate > Malate
  8. Malte > Oxoacetae
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28
Q

TCA is both ___ and ___ meaning it is amphibolic tb

A

catholic and anabolic

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29
Q

What is Anaplerotic

A

using reaction again, tca cycle

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30
Q

What steps in TCA cycle use NAD+ to form NADH

A

3 4 and 8

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31
Q

What step used GDP to form GTP in TCA

A

Step 5

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32
Q

What step in tca oxidized FAD to FADH2

A

Step 6

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33
Q

What step is a hydration step in tca

A

step 7 fumerate to malate

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34
Q

What will inhibit citrate synth

A

NADH ATP and Succinyl COA

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35
Q

What activates Citrate Synth

A

CA2+ and ADP

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36
Q

how is CA2+ an activator?

A

It activates Isocitrate DH which is an enzyme to convert isocotrate to a-ketogluterate

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37
Q

What are the two decarboxyliation rxn in TCA

A

A-ketogulterate to S-Coa

Isocitrate to A ketogulterate

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38
Q

what is glutamates role in TCA

A

Can be converted to a-ketogluterate by releasing an Nh3 Aminotransferase

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39
Q

A-keto to glutamate

A

PLP Vit B6

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40
Q

what are the roles of NADH and FADH in ETC

A

donated e-

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41
Q

Ubiquinone is also know as

A

CoQ which involved 1-2 e tansfter

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42
Q

CyC involved __ e- transfer

A

one

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43
Q

How are Complex I II and III linked

A

CyQ

44
Q

How are complex III and IV linked

A

CyC

45
Q

Complex 1 accepts e- from

A

NADH

46
Q

Complex II accepts e- from

A

FADH2

47
Q

CyQ accepts e- from

A

Complex 1 and 2

48
Q

Complex 3 accepts e- from

A

C0Q

49
Q

Complex 3 transfers e- from CoQ to

A

CyC

50
Q

Complex IV accepts e- from

A

Cyctochrome C and delivers O2 and proton pump can occur

51
Q

Conc of H+ for ETC

A

High on outside

low inside matrix

52
Q

Complex 5 of the ETC

A

Is chemisomotic

53
Q

FoF1 structure

A

Fo: hydrophobic intergral complex of protiens
F1: Causes a spin has a, b, g, d subunits

54
Q

Central Nervous System( components)

A

Brain and Spinal cord

55
Q

Peripheral NS (components)

A 
Cranial Nerves(12 Pairs) 
Spinal Nerves( 31 pairs) 
Gangila
56
Q

Peripheral NS sub systems

A

Somatic(Voluntary)
Autonomic(Involuntary)
Enteric(Brain of gut)

57
Q

Classifications of neurons

A

multipolar: most common
bipolar: special senses
uinpolar: sensory neurons

58
Q

Ganglia vs nuclei

culsters of cell bodies

A

Ganglia are found in the Pns (Gp)

nuclei are found in the CNS(NC)

59
Q

Nerve vs tract bundles of axons

A

nerve: in PNS NP
tract: in CNS

60
Q

White matter is ____ and grey matter is ___

A

myelinated and unmylenated

61
Q

In the brain the ___ is outside and ___ is inside

opposite Spinal cord

A

grey out

white in

62
Q

3 layers of the spinal meninges

A

Dura, Arachnoid and pia

63
Q

Regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical, Thoracic, lumbar, Sacral and coccygeal

64
Q

Spinal tap procedure

A

L3 -L5 safest due to children’s smaller spinal cord length do not want to puncture

65
Q
A
66
Q

In the spinal cord where sensory input travel through

A

Posterior horns

67
Q

Where do nerve impose to effector tissues travel from

A

posterior horns

68
Q

Two types of Plexuses

A

Vicsceral(symp and parapsymp)

Somatic (anterior rami of the spinal nerve)

69
Q

Brachial plexus starts at __ and goes to __

A

C5 to T1

70
Q

Dorsal scapular

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

71
Q

long thoracic

A

serrates inteiro muscle

72
Q

Nerve to subclavius

A

subclavian muscle

73
Q

supra scapular

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

74
Q

musculotaneous

A

coracobrachialias, biceps brachia, brachilalias muscles

75
Q

lateral pectoral

A

pectorals major

76
Q

upper sub scapular

A

subscapularis muscle

77
Q

thoracodorsal

A

latissimus dorsi muscles

78
Q

lower sub scapular

A

subscapularius and heres major muscles

79
Q

Axillary

A

Deltoids and teres minor

80
Q

radial

A

triceps brachii

81
Q

medial pectoral

A

pectorals major

82
Q

medial cutaneous nerve

A

skin of media and posterior aspect of distal third of arm

83
Q

medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

A

skin of medicine and posteirl aspect of forearm

84
Q

ulnar

A

flexor carpi

85
Q

Erb duchesses palsy

A

injury to upper trunk (waiters tip)

86
Q

radial nerve ooss

A

loss of flexors of forearms

WRIST drop

87
Q

Median nerve injury

A

flexor of forearms and thumbs loss of thumb abduction

88
Q

Ulnar nerve injury

A

clawing of the hand

89
Q

long thoracic injury

A

winging fo scapula

90
Q

NT derived from glutamate

A

GABA

91
Q

Phenalanine to tyrosine via

A

Phenlayline hydrolase and BH4

92
Q

Phenalayline to Epi path

A 
Phenylalanine > Tyrosine (BH4)
Tyrosine > Dopa (BH4) 
DOPA > Dopamine (Vit B6) 
Dopamine > Noriep(Vit C)
Noriep > Epi
93
Q

Fight or flight coordinated by the hypothalamus

A

Pipilary dilution
increase hr/co
constrict blood vessels to skin and gut
dilution of blood vessels to heart(to increase BP)

94
Q

Organization of the SNS

A

thoracolumbar outflow

short pre and long post

95
Q

plns organization

A

cranial nerves or sacral ventral roots

long pre and short post

96
Q

Somatic nervous systems consist of ____ motorneuron

A

single(no pre or post ganglion)

97
Q

Somatic nervous system NT and effector

A

Ach and SKM

98
Q 
Symp NS Pre gangilonic NT is \_\_\_\_  on a \_\_\_\_ Receptor and post NT is \_\_\_ on \_\_\_\_ Receptor 
MOST COMMON(SM, Cardiac SM, Nerve terminals
A

Ach; Nicotinic

NE on alpha beta

99
Q

Symp NS Pre gangilonic NT is ____ on a ____ Receptor and post NT is ___ on ____ Receptor
EXECPTION

A

ACH: nicotinic

ACH on musculernic

100
Q

Adreneal Medula pregang NT ___ and Receptor ___

to circulation as NE or Epi

A

Ach and nicotinic

also know as a modified symp post ganglionic neuron

101
Q

What type of receptor is nicotinic

A

ligand gated

102
Q

what type of receptor is muscarinic

A

GTP binding, transmembrane

103
Q

Alpha1 Beta 1 Alpha 2 and beta 2 what do they effect

A

A1: Increase IP3 VASO CONSTRICT
A2: decreased CAMP Heart
B1: increased CAMP Heart and
B2: Increase CAMP Organs

104
Q

M1 3 and 5

A

Gq receptors

Increase IP3/DAG which increased PKC

105
Q

M2 and M4 are

A

Gi(inhibitory)

decreased cAMP which inhibits no AC or PKA

106
Q

M2 is the SA node and M3 is the non vas SM

A

MSAP week 2 all (1 decks)

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