All Flashcards
Gluconeogenesis
glucose synthesis from non CHO substrates
Glycogen metabolism:
Glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis: synth of glucose
glycogenolysis: breakdown of glucose
Pentose pathway
created NADPH
Describe Glucose-6-phosphate(G-6-P) several pathways
GLUT 2 vs GLUT 4
GLUT 2 is liver and is an open door
GLUT 4 is muscle is insulin dependent(needs insulin)
Glucokinase
hexokinase
GH
LM
Which organ has a high capacity for glycolysis
Liver, this is where glucose uptake is
Glycolysis input and output
IN: 2ATP and 2 NAD+
Out: 4 ATP and 2 NADH
Net: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
NAD+ is ___ to NADH
Reduced( gain of e-)
10 Steps of Glycolysis
G, G, F, F, D, G, B, P, P, P, P
- Glucose > Glucose 6 phosphate ATP
- G-6-P > Fructose 6 Phosphate
- F-6-P > Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate ATP
- F-16-B > Dihydroxyacoatne and Glyceraldehyde 3-P
- DHAP > G3P
- G3P(x2) > 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
- 1,3 BPG > 3BPG ATP
- 3BPG > 2 BPG
- 2BPG > PEP
- PEP > Pyruvate(x2) ATP
Glycolysis ATP energy Steps
1 and 3 input
7 and 10 output
Which rxn does the NAD+ reduce into NADH in glycolysis
Step 6
Under aerobic conditions what occurs w/ NADH that is formed from glycolysis
it is oxidized to NAD+ allowing for regulation and to be used again in G-3P
When there is O2 pyruvate is shuttled to Mitochondria via
NADH
Ways Glycolysis is regulated
GLUT4( needs insulin in muscles)
Formation of G6P(glucokinase and hexokinase)
formation of F1,6 BP main regulation
Regulation of pyruvate kinase(reagent)
How is hexokinase((muscle) inhibited
too much G-6-P
How is PFK-1 inhibited in step 3 of glycolysis
too much ATP and Citrate
So conversely amplified by AMP
Hormones Insulin vs Glucogen
Insulin(too much glucose) stims glycoysis
glycogen(need to store glucose) inhibits glycolysis
Roles of PFK-2 in active state
Will convert F6P into F26BP which will activate PFK-1 and lead to glycolysis
roles of PFK-2 in fasting
Inhibit f26bp and activate FBPase-2 which leads to gluogensis(storage)
Defencincy in fructose intolerance
acute liver problems will have to avoid dietary fructose
In order for pyruvate to enter TCA cycle what must happen
it needs to enter the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
which occurs on mitochondria
PDH ___ complex
Massive
3 soluble substrates of PDH
Pyruvate, CoA, and NAD+
3 enzyme bound cofactors of PDH
TPP(VitB1)
Lipoic Acid
FAD+/FADH2
PDH rxn simplified
Pyruvate ______> Acyetal CoA
w/ Pyruvate dehydrogenase and NAD+ reduced to NADH
irreversible
What can inhibit PDH
NADH and acetyl con so it products too much then there is no need.
Krebs Cycle steps
O C I K S S F M
Acetyl CoA comes from Pyruvate in PDH complex
- Oxaloacetae + Acetyl CoA > Citrate
- Citrate > Isocitrate
- Isocitrate > a-Ketogluterate
- a-Ketogluterate > Succinyl CoA
- Suc CoA > Succinate
- Succinate > Fumerate
- Fumerate > Malate
- Malte > Oxoacetae
TCA is both ___ and ___ meaning it is amphibolic tb
catholic and anabolic
What is Anaplerotic
using reaction again, tca cycle
What steps in TCA cycle use NAD+ to form NADH
3 4 and 8
What step used GDP to form GTP in TCA
Step 5
What step in tca oxidized FAD to FADH2
Step 6
What step is a hydration step in tca
step 7 fumerate to malate
What will inhibit citrate synth
NADH ATP and Succinyl COA
What activates Citrate Synth
CA2+ and ADP
how is CA2+ an activator?
It activates Isocitrate DH which is an enzyme to convert isocotrate to a-ketogluterate
What are the two decarboxyliation rxn in TCA
A-ketogulterate to S-Coa
Isocitrate to A ketogulterate
what is glutamates role in TCA
Can be converted to a-ketogluterate by releasing an Nh3 Aminotransferase
A-keto to glutamate
PLP Vit B6
what are the roles of NADH and FADH in ETC
donated e-
Ubiquinone is also know as
CoQ which involved 1-2 e tansfter
CyC involved __ e- transfer
one
How are Complex I II and III linked
CyQ
How are complex III and IV linked
CyC
Complex 1 accepts e- from
NADH
Complex II accepts e- from
FADH2
CyQ accepts e- from
Complex 1 and 2
Complex 3 accepts e- from
C0Q
Complex 3 transfers e- from CoQ to
CyC
Complex IV accepts e- from
Cyctochrome C and delivers O2 and proton pump can occur
Conc of H+ for ETC
High on outside
low inside matrix
Complex 5 of the ETC
Is chemisomotic
FoF1 structure
Fo: hydrophobic intergral complex of protiens
F1: Causes a spin has a, b, g, d subunits
Central Nervous System( components)
Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral NS (components)
Cranial Nerves(12 Pairs) Spinal Nerves( 31 pairs) Gangila
Peripheral NS sub systems
Somatic(Voluntary)
Autonomic(Involuntary)
Enteric(Brain of gut)
Classifications of neurons
multipolar: most common
bipolar: special senses
uinpolar: sensory neurons
Ganglia vs nuclei
culsters of cell bodies
Ganglia are found in the Pns (Gp)
nuclei are found in the CNS(NC)
Nerve vs tract bundles of axons
nerve: in PNS NP
tract: in CNS
White matter is ____ and grey matter is ___
myelinated and unmylenated
In the brain the ___ is outside and ___ is inside
opposite Spinal cord
grey out
white in
3 layers of the spinal meninges
Dura, Arachnoid and pia
Regions of the spinal cord
Cervical, Thoracic, lumbar, Sacral and coccygeal
Spinal tap procedure
L3 -L5 safest due to children’s smaller spinal cord length do not want to puncture
In the spinal cord where sensory input travel through
Posterior horns
Where do nerve impose to effector tissues travel from
posterior horns
Two types of Plexuses
Vicsceral(symp and parapsymp)
Somatic (anterior rami of the spinal nerve)
Brachial plexus starts at __ and goes to __
C5 to T1
Dorsal scapular
Levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
long thoracic
serrates inteiro muscle
Nerve to subclavius
subclavian muscle
supra scapular
supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
musculotaneous
coracobrachialias, biceps brachia, brachilalias muscles
lateral pectoral
pectorals major
upper sub scapular
subscapularis muscle
thoracodorsal
latissimus dorsi muscles
lower sub scapular
subscapularius and heres major muscles
Axillary
Deltoids and teres minor
radial
triceps brachii
medial pectoral
pectorals major
medial cutaneous nerve
skin of media and posterior aspect of distal third of arm
medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
skin of medicine and posteirl aspect of forearm
ulnar
flexor carpi
Erb duchesses palsy
injury to upper trunk (waiters tip)
radial nerve ooss
loss of flexors of forearms
WRIST drop
Median nerve injury
flexor of forearms and thumbs loss of thumb abduction
Ulnar nerve injury
clawing of the hand
long thoracic injury
winging fo scapula
NT derived from glutamate
GABA
Phenalanine to tyrosine via
Phenlayline hydrolase and BH4
Phenalayline to Epi path
Phenylalanine > Tyrosine (BH4) Tyrosine > Dopa (BH4) DOPA > Dopamine (Vit B6) Dopamine > Noriep(Vit C) Noriep > Epi
Fight or flight coordinated by the hypothalamus
Pipilary dilution
increase hr/co
constrict blood vessels to skin and gut
dilution of blood vessels to heart(to increase BP)
Organization of the SNS
thoracolumbar outflow
short pre and long post
plns organization
cranial nerves or sacral ventral roots
long pre and short post
Somatic nervous systems consist of ____ motorneuron
single(no pre or post ganglion)
Somatic nervous system NT and effector
Ach and SKM
Symp NS Pre gangilonic NT is \_\_\_\_ on a \_\_\_\_ Receptor and post NT is \_\_\_ on \_\_\_\_ Receptor MOST COMMON(SM, Cardiac SM, Nerve terminals
Ach; Nicotinic
NE on alpha beta
Symp NS Pre gangilonic NT is ____ on a ____ Receptor and post NT is ___ on ____ Receptor
EXECPTION
ACH: nicotinic
ACH on musculernic
Adreneal Medula pregang NT ___ and Receptor ___
to circulation as NE or Epi
Ach and nicotinic
also know as a modified symp post ganglionic neuron
What type of receptor is nicotinic
ligand gated
what type of receptor is muscarinic
GTP binding, transmembrane
Alpha1 Beta 1 Alpha 2 and beta 2 what do they effect
A1: Increase IP3 VASO CONSTRICT
A2: decreased CAMP Heart
B1: increased CAMP Heart and
B2: Increase CAMP Organs
M1 3 and 5
Gq receptors
Increase IP3/DAG which increased PKC
M2 and M4 are
Gi(inhibitory)
decreased cAMP which inhibits no AC or PKA
M2 is the SA node and M3 is the non vas SM
