all Flashcards
name and describe one impact of poor lifestyle on the respiratory system
smoking
-can cause irritation of the trachea and the branchi
-reduces lung function
-increases breathlessness
both due to the swelling and narrowing of the lung airways
effects of smoking on respiratory system
- cigarettes also damages the trachea, bronchi bronchioles
- when cilia is damaged by smoking excess mucus builds upon lung passages
- leads to smokers cough
sympathetic nervous system
-increase breathing rate to prepare body for exercise
parasympathetic nervous system
- lower breathing rate back to normal
- controller by respiratory centre in medula oblongata
the skeletal muscle pump is
is the change in muscles when contracting and relaxing. this causes a pressing effect on the nearby veins. this causes the blood to be squeezed back to the heart
tidal volume
amount of air inspired and expired per breath
inspiration reserve volume
maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal breath
expiratory reserve volume
maximum volume of air that can be expired after a normal breath
residual volume
air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
pocket valves
allow blood to flow in one direction by stopping backflow of blood
respiratory pump
when breathing in and out muscles contract and relax. this causes pressure changes in the thoracic(chest) and abdominal(stomach). these pressure changes compress the nearby veins. this helps blood flow back to the heart
increase of systolic pressure ========
increase of venous return
decrease of systolic pressure=======
decrease of venous return
skill=
the learned ability to bring about a result
ACEFACE
Aesthetically pleasing consistent efficient fluent accurate controlled economical
bilateral transfer
the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb. once a person learns how to lay up in basketball with their right hand it’s not hard to learn with their left hand
how do you ensure positive transfer or skill
make skill realistic to game make it time sufficient don’t move on too quickly positive reinforcement/feedback ensure original task is well learnt
whole method
when you practise a skill from start to finish with no breaks
advantages of whole method
- makes the sports person get a feel for the skill,timings and end product
- the coach can immediately see what the performers weaknesses are and improve them
- part intsruction would then be used then whole method would be used again
- develops kinaesthesis
mainly practised for fast paced skills which cannot be broken down into parts
example of whole method
dive in swimming
disadvantages of whole method
doesn’t allow individual parts to be practised which can lead to getting used to bad habits and bad technique
describe how running affects the venous return mechanisms
heart rate increases so venous return increases, this causes the skeletal muscle pump to work as their is increases muscle contractions. the increased size in muscles presses on the nearby veins and squeezes blood back to the heart
explain the term cardio vascular drift
cardiovascular drift is the increase in heart rate during to a decrease in stroke volume. happens in a warm environment after 10 minute day a steady intensity
how does running assist venous return
- more blood is pumped out into the body so more blood goes to the heart
- change in pressure
chemoreceptors
- detect change in chemical reactions
- send a message to ccc in oblongata
- sympathetic nervous system caused heart rate to increase
- sends impulse to SA node
- astrials contract
- impulse Av node
- then bundle of his
- then purkinjee fibres
- ventricles contract
baroceptors
detect changes in blood pressure
proprioceptors
detect change in movement
identify autonomic nervous system
-works involuntarily
-movement is controlled
-peripheral nervous system made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
-role to transmit information from the brain to the body
sympathetic-prepares body for exercise
parasympathetic-relaxes the body
muscle spindles detect
change in muscle length/tension/stretch
prevent overstretching by initiating the stretch reflex
explain how the characteristic of fast twitch muscle fibres are suited to producing ATP anaerobically during powerful contractions
- high pc stores
- high myosin ATpase activity
- high glycolytic enzyme activity
the all or none law
once the motor neurone stimulates the muscle fibres,either all of them or none of them contract
outline the stages and functions of the kreb cycle
- it goes to acetyl+oxiloative=citric acid
- Co2 is then produced
identify the energy sources that a performer may use during competition
the energy sources that a performer may use is phosphocreatine in the atp-pc system. and glycogen,fats and proteins in the kreb cycle
wave summation will occur…
the greater the frequency of the stimuli
the greater the tension of the muscle
therefore the repeated action of a motor neurone simulating a given muscle fibre results in a greater force of contraction
what needs to be present for the muscles to contract
calcium needs to be present for the muscles to contract
each time the nerve impulses reaches the muscle cell, calcium is released
if there are repeated nerve impulses with no time to relax, calcium will build up in the muscles.this will produce a forceful tetanic contraction
compare the 4types or muscular contractions
isotonic is where there is movement
isometric is where there is no movement
concentric is when the muscle shortens
eccentric is when the muscle lengthens
in the upward phase of a bicep curl the tricep performs a concentric contraction as it lengthens. in the downwards phase the triceps performs a eccentric contraction as it shortens
characteristics of anaerobic glycolytic system(anaerobic)
no oxygen
provides energy for high intensity activity for longer than the atp-pc system
how long the system lasts depends on the fitness level of the performer and the intensity of the exercise
can last update to 3 minutes but can peak at 45seconds for high intensity activity
advantages of anaerobic glycolytic system
ATP can be resynthesised quickly due to very few chemical reactions
when oxygen is available, lactic acid can be converted back into liver glycogen
can be used for a sprint finish
Disadvantages of Anaerobic glycolytic system
Lactic acid is a harmful by product
only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions(only 5% instead of 95% under absorbing conditions
what are the 3 stages of the aerobic system
- glycolysis
- krebs cycle
- electron transport chain
Where does glycolysis happen and what are the steps of it
glycolysis happens in the sarcoplasm. glycogen goes to glucose then to pyruvic acid which is 2xatp
Glycolysis does not need oxygen
where does the krebs cycle happen and what are the steps or it
the krebs cycle happens in the mitochondria and requires oxygen. acetyl coenzyme+oxaloatic acid=citric acid. this then produces Co2, proteins and fats
electron transport chain is when
hydrogen+ ions bond with oxygen to make water(H20)
how much ATP is there in the aerobic system
36
advantages of the aerobic system
large amount of ATP produced
no fatiguing byproduct as oxygen and water are only produced
we have lots of glycogen stores so exercise can last for a long time
outline the 3 stages of development in Vygotsky’s social development theory
what can i do alone(i can hold a golf club and stand correctly)
what can i do with help( i can swing the golf club and make contact with help from my coach)
what can i not do yet(i cannot yet hit the golf ball with accuracy towards a target)
what is positive reinforcement
praise/reward strengthens the SR(stimulus response) bond making it more likely for the action to happen again
what is negative reinforcement
the removal of unpleasant consequences when the athlete does the correct technique/strengthens SR bond
what is the stimulus response bond
the connection made between the stimulus and the response of a stimulus
positive punishment
add something to decrease the behaviour
negative punishment
remove something to decrease the behaviour
characteristics of Type1 muscle fibre types
contraction speed-slow force speed-low fatiguability-low mitochondrial density-high myglobin content-high aerobic capacity-very high
characteristics of type11a muscle fibre type
contraction speed-fast force produced-high fatiguability-medium aerobic capacity-medium mitochondrial density-medium myoglobin content-medium
characteristics of type11b muscle fibre type
contraction speed-fast force produced-high fatiguability-high aerobic capacity-low mitochondrial density-low myoglobin content-low
what is the psychology refractory period
the delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
when defending and attacker performs a body feint you might get confused as you havnt processed the first movement
what is single channel hypothesis
when a stimulus has been recognised and is in the process of being dealt with any other secondary stimuli must have to wait till the first has processed
hicks law made
1952
hicks law states
the more stimuli there is the longer it takes to chose the correct response
what is simple reaction time
a simple response to a single stimulus
reaction time is
the amount of time taken from the onset of stimulus to the onset of a response
response time=
reaction time+movement time
what are the two types of anticipation
temporal and spatial anticipation
example of temporal anticipation
when the referee throws the ball up in basketball, predicting when the event will occur is temporal anticipation
spatial anticipation
the ability to predict what will happen in the environment within a performance situation
anticipation when ur opponent will hit a smash to the right in tennis
schmidt(1982) ls schema theory states
states that there is a less use of structured sets of movement,instead core principles are taken from existing motor programmes and then adapted
what are the 4 parameters of schmidt schema theory
recall:
1)initial condition-use of senses to identify important info from display “where am i”
2)response specification-information from the display is used to make a judgment”what do i need to do”
recognition:
3)sensory consequences-use or internal senses to guide the movement”how am i going to do this”
4)response outcome-“did the action have the desired outcome
example of positive feedback
praise when hurdling was good
example of negative feedback
criticism when you didn’t keep your lead leg straight when hurdling
what are the 3 methods of practise
whole part whole
whole
progressive part practise
describe the bohr shift
- occurs as a result of increased Co2 in the blood
- increase hydrogen ions
- bohr shift is when an oxyheamoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right
who funds sport england
the national lottery
what are the characteristics of sport england
many people have invested interest and h trying to improve participation
sport england has overall become a mission to create a sporting habit for life
what are the 3 aims of sport england
start
stay
succeed
physical benefits of participation
- increased bone density through regular weight bearing activity. this will reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life
- increased physical health and fitness. this can be reduction in cholesterol, reduction in blood pressure, or achieving a healthy body weight. this will cause a reduced risk of heart disease, heart attack,stroke,type 2 diabetes
- increased flexibility due to stretching. this can reduce the risk of arthritis in later life
social benefits to participation
improve communication skills
help boost self esteem if they are overweight or obese-this could lead to losing weight and increased level of participation
social health benefits to participation
raised chemicals like serotonin/endorphins=calming effect-can lead to a healthier and more social member of society
