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1
Q

Bio-chemical Processes:

A
    • Alcoholic fermentation

2. - Biogas

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2
Q

Types of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A
    • Partial Oxidation

2. - Full Oxidation

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3
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Full Oxidation:

A

Combustion

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4
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Partial Oxidation:

A
    • Addition of oxidation agent

2. - Auto-oxidation with oxigen from fuel

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5
Q

Temperature of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Low (20 – 60°C)

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6
Q

Temperature of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

High (500 – 1100°C)

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7
Q

Reaction-speed of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Slow (days)

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8
Q

Resources of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Liquids / Suspensions

Biodegradable substances

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9
Q

Oxygen demand of Bio-chemical Processes

A

Almost anaerobic

conditions

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10
Q

Products of Bio-chemical Processes

A

New energy carrier

Methane, Ethanol etc.

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11
Q

Reaction-speed of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

Fast (seconds)

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12
Q

Resources of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

All aggregats, low water

content

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13
Q

Oxygen demand of Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

Oxidation agent neccessary

air/oxygen, water-steam

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14
Q

Productsof Thermo-chemical Processes:

A

Energy (heat/power) and/or
new energy carrier (coke,
gases)

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15
Q

4 process steps of Biogas-Process

A

Hydrolyses, Acidogeneses,

Acetogeneses, Methanogeneses

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16
Q

Biogas-Process

A

Conversion of strach, sugar, proteins and fats to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

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17
Q

Bioethanol-Process

A

Conversion of sugar to ethanol (C2H5OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

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18
Q

Bioethanol-Process with the use of starch

A 
encymatic degradation (amylase) is
necessary
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19
Q

Bioethanol-Process with the use of cellulose

A 
chemical degradation (hydrolyses) is
necessary
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20
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Addition of oxidation agent

A
    • Gasification (air)

2. - Hydrothermal Gasification (water)

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21
Q

Thermo-chemical Processes Auto-oxidation with oxigen from fuel

A

1.- Pyrolyses
2.- Torrefication
3.- Hydrothermal
Carbonisation

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22
Q

Combustion Air demand:

A

λ > 1 (1,3 – 2,5)

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23
Q

Gasification Air demand:

A

0 < λ < 1 (ca. 0,3)

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24
Q

Pyrolyses Air demand:

A

λ = 0

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25
Q

Torrefication Air demand:

A

λ = 0

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26
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Air demand:

A

λ = 0

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27
Q

Combustion Oxidation agent:

A

Air

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28
Q

Gasification Oxidation agent:

A

Air / Oxygen / water steam

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29
Q

Pyrolyses Oxidation agent:

A

Oxygen from the fuel, no additional agent

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30
Q

Torrefication Oxidation agent:

A

Oxygen from the fuel, no additional agent

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31
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Oxidation agent:

A

Oxygen from the fuel, no additional agent

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32
Q

Combustion Temperature:

A

800 – 1.300 °C (exothermic)

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33
Q

Gasification Temperature:

A

700 – 900 °C (endothermic)

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34
Q

Pyrolyses Temperature:

A

450 – 600 °C (endothermic)

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35
Q

Torrefication Temperature:

A

250 – 300°C (endothermic)

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36
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Temperature:

A

250 – 300°C (exothermic)

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37
Q

Combustion Fuels:

A

Solid, liquid, gaseous (fossil fuels, biomass)

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38
Q

Gasification Fuels:

A

Solid fuels (coal, wood)

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39
Q

Pyrolyses Fuels:

A

Oxygen containing solid fuels with low water

content (mainly residues or waste)

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40
Q

Torrefication Fuels:

A

Oxygen containing solid fuels with low water

content (mainly biomass)

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41
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Fuels:

A

Wet biomass

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42
Q

Combustion Main Products:

A

Hot exhaust air (CO2, water steam)

43
Q

Gasification Main Products:

A

Producer gas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4)

44
Q

Pyrolyses Main Products:

A

Pyrolyses gas, oil, coke

45
Q

Torrefication Main Products:

A

Torrefied biomass

46
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Main Products:

47
Q

Combustion Side Products:

48
Q

Gasification Side Products:

A

Coke (ash), condensate

49
Q

Pyrolyses Side Products:

A

Condensate

50
Q

Torrefication Side Products:

A

Condensate, lean gas

51
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Side Products:

A

Off-gas, waste water

52
Q

Combustion Technologies:

A

Combustion furnace (grate firing, fluidised bed)

53
Q

Gasification Technologies:

A

Gasification reactors (fixed bed, fluidised bed)

54
Q

Pyrolyses Technologies:

A

Pyrolyses reaktor (fluidised bed, rotary kiln)

55
Q

Torrefication Technologies:

A

Torrefication reactors (mainly fluidized bed)

56
Q

Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC) Technologies:

A

pressure reactors (up to 50 bar, „wet coking“)

57
Q

natural (e.g. mineral oil, biomass) or refined (e.g. coke, gasoline) solid, liquid or gaseous organic materials, used for the production of useful energy.

58
Q

energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process (e.g. sunlight, chemical energy of fuels)

A

Primary energy

59
Q

Primary energy sources which are transformed in

energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy (e.g. gasoline, power)

A

Secondary energy

60
Q

form of energy after the last conversion step for the

satisfaction of end user‘s needs (e.g. mobility, room heating, cooking etc.)

A

Useful energy

61
Q

Energy units

A
  • 1 kWh (kilowatt hour) = 3,6 * 106 J
  • 1 btu (british thermal unit) = 1,06 * 103 J
  • 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent) = 41,87 * 109 J
  • 1 boe (barrel of oil equivalent) = 6,3 * 109 J
  • 1 tce (ton of coal equivalent) = 29,31 * 109 J
62
Q

Chemical composition Carbon

A

Heating value, air demand

63
Q

Chemical composition Hydrogen

A

Heating value, air demand, dew point

64
Q

Chemical composition Oxygen

A

Heating value, air demand

65
Q

Chemical composition Nitrogen

A

NOx-, N2O- emissions

66
Q

Chemical composition Sulfur

A

SOx-emissions, corrosion

67
Q

Chemical composition Chlorine

A

High temperature corrosion, dioxin formation

68
Q

Chemical composition Mineral substances

A

Ash content, dust emissions

69
Q

Chemical composition Heavy metals

A

Ash quality, catalytical support of dioxin formation

70
Q

Coals:

A

Coals are formed mainly from plant biomass (lignin,
celluloses, hemi-celluloses)
During the coalification process, the oxygen from the
biomass is used for the formation of mine gases (CH4,
CO2). Carbon-rich solid substances are resulting as a
residue.

71
Q

Coalification process:

A
  • Peat: approx. 10.000 years
  • Lignite: 2 – 65 mio years
  • Hard coal: 250 – 350 mio years
72
Q

Types of Coals:

A
    • Wood
    • Peat
    • Lignite
    • Hard Coal
    • Anthracite
73
Q

Wood:

A

Carbon (% m/m): 45
Hydrogen (% m/m): 6
Volatiles (% m/m): 80
Calorific value(MJ/kg): 18-19

74
Q

Peat:

A

Carbon (% m/m): 58
Hydrogen (% m/m): 5.5
Volatiles (% m/m): 75
Calorific value(MJ/kg): 18-23

75
Q

Lignite:

A

Carbon (% m/m): 60-75
Hydrogen (% m/m): 5-6
Volatiles (% m/m): 45-70
Calorific value(MJ/kg): 20-25

76
Q

Hard Coal:

A

Carbon (% m/m): 70-90
Hydrogen (% m/m): 4-5
Volatiles (% m/m): 10-45
Calorific value(MJ/kg): 29-34

77
Q

Anthracite:

A

Carbon (% m/m): > 94
Hydrogen (% m/m): 2-3
Volatiles (% m/m): 6-10
Calorific value(MJ/kg): 30-32

78
Q

Crude oil:

A

• Crude oil is formed mainly from marine biomass (algae).
Main molecules are easy degradable hydrocarbons (e.g. agarose), proteins and fatty acids
• The sedimented biomass is converted under the
influence of pressure and temperature to crude oil (60 -
120°C) and natural gas (170 – 200°C)

79
Q

4 main groups of hydrocarbons in Oil:

A
  • alkanes (paraffines)
  • alkenes (olefines)
  • cycloalkanes
  • arenes
80
Q

Composition of dewatered crude oil:

A
  • Carbon: 85 – 90 %
  • Hydrogen: 10 – 14 %
  • Sulfur: 0,2 – 3,0 % (max. 7)
  • Nitrogen: 0,1 – 0,5 % (max. 2)
  • Oxygen: 0,0 – 1,5 %
81
Q

The most important distillation fractions of oil are:

A
  • Gases (stripping)
  • Light naphta (32 – 88°C)
  • Heavy naphta (88 – 193°C)
  • Kerosine (193 – 271°C)
  • Gasoils (271 – 566°C, vacuum distillation)
  • Vacuum residuum (>566°C)
82
Q

Crude oil products

A

Naphta
Kerosine
Diesel
Heavy Oil

83
Q

Naphta

A

Density [kg/l]: 0,72 – 0,78
Boiling range [°C]: 25 - 210
Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 40 – 42

84
Q

Kerosine

A

Density [kg/l]: 0,75 – 0,85
Boiling range [°C]: 25 - 210
Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 42 – 44

85
Q

Diesel / fuel oil

A

Density [kg/l]: 0,82 – 0,86
Boiling range [°C]: 170 – 390
Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 43 – 45

86
Q

Heavy oil

A

Density [kg/l]: 0,95 – 1,05
Boiling range [°C]: > 300
Calorific value [MJ/kg]: 39 – 41

87
Q

Natural gas

A 
Methane: 40 – 99 %
• Ethane: up to 20 %
• Propane: up to 12 %
• Butane: up to 8 %
• Pentane: up to 7 %
• CO2: up to 18 %
• H2S: up to 30 %
88
Q

Processing of natural gas

A
  • Drying (absorption/adsorption)
  • De-sulfurisation and CO2-separation (absorption)
  • Oil separation (condensation)
  • Conditioning (mixing of different gas qualities)
89
Q

Molecular components of wood

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

90
Q

Cellulose

A 
• Linear polysaccharides
• Monomer: D-Glucose (resp.
Cellubiose as disaccharide)
• Chemical formula: (C6H12O6)n
• n = 500 – 10.000
• C:H:O ratio = 1:2:1
• Main function in the plant:
absorption of tractive forces
• Share in wood: 50 – 60 %
• Share in straw: 35 – 40 %
91
Q

Hemicellulose

A 
• Highly branched polysaccharides
• Monomere: mainly pentoses
• Chemical formula (xylose): (C5H10O5)n
• n = 200
• C:H:O ratio = 1:2:1
• Main function in the plant:
intercellular cement
• Share in wood: 7 – 12 %
• Share in straw: 20 – 25 %
92
Q

Lignin

A 
• Highly branched polymers
• Monomer: aromatic alcohols
• Chemical formula (Ø): C10H12O3
• n = 500 – 10.000
• C:H:O ratio = 1 : 1,2 : 0,3
• Main function in the plant:
absorption of compression forces
• Share in wood: 27 – 32 %
• Share in straw: 18 – 25 %
93
Q

Solid cubic meter

A
  • Solid wood mass

* Common unit in timber industry

94
Q

Cubic meter

A

• Stacked wood (with spaces)
• Common unit for firewood
1.3 m^3

95
Q

Loose cubic meter

A

• Bulked wood
• Common unit for wood chips
2 – 3 m³

96
Q

Starch

A
  • Polysaccharides
  • Monomer: D-Glucose
  • Chemical formula: (C6H12O6)n
  • 20-30% amylose
  • Linear chains, helix form
  • n = 400 – 1.400
  • 70-80% amylopectin
  • Highly branched, cluster form
  • n = 1.600 – 6.200
97
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • Ester of clycerin with 3 fatty acids
  • Fatty acids are satured or nonsaturated
  • Chain length: 6 – 24 C
98
Q

Important fatty acids in vegetable oils:

A
  • Palmitic acid (C16)
  • Stearic acid (C18)
  • Oleic acid (C18:1)
  • Linoleic acid (C18:2)
99
Q

Hydrolysis

A

cracking of macromolecules

100
Q

Acidogenesis

A

fermentation of monomers

101
Q

Acetogenesis

A

formation of methanogenic substances

102
Q

Methanogenesis

A

formation of biogas

103
Q

• Significant parameters for biogas formation:

A
  • temperature
  • pH-value
  • concentration of organic matter (substrate inhibition)
  • concentration of organic acids
  • efficient degassing (product inhibition)
104
Q

Biogas – Influence of the temperature

A

• mesophilic modus (30 – 44°C)
• thermophilic operation (55 – 65°C)
but:
• thermophilic microorganisms are more sensitive
(especially to ammonia), therefore the operation is not that reliable and need more effort on process control
• an advantage of thermophilic operation is the inactivation
of pathogen microorganisms (e.g. salmonellae)
• psychrophilic operation (<30°C) is not relevant

Biomass (2 decks)

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