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Nephrology > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Kidney develops from which embryological layer (process)

A

Intermediate mesoderm—Urogenital Ridge-Metanephric duct—-a)Blastema
b)Ureteric bud

Blastema= excretory s
Bud= collecting s
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2
Q

Which cells produce erythropoetin

A

Interstitial fibroblasts

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3
Q

Explain RAAS and TGF (Autoregulation)

A

Low gfr—JG apparatus—renin—Aldosterone and ACE

Aldosterone—increased na+—inc vol—inc gfr

ACE—AT1–AT2—-constrict eff arteriole—inc gfr

High GFR—high na+—macula densa (sensory)—adenosine—constriction of aff arteriole—low gfr

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4
Q

JG apparatus

A

JG cells (renin)

Lacis cells (renin)

Macula Densa (TGF)

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5
Q

Chyluria causes

A

Filaria
TB
Trauma
RCC

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6
Q

Red diaper syndrome organism

A

Serotia mascarens

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7
Q

Isosthenuria causes (density same as blood)

A

ATN

CKD

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8
Q

Recurrent Gross Hematuria

Causes

A 
Alport
IgA nephropathy
ADPKD
Anaplastic (RCC)
Analgesic Nephropathy (RPN+)

TBMD (familial hematuria)
Urolithiasis/hypercalciuria

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9
Q

Triad of RPN (renal pap necrosis)

A

Colicky lower back pain
Hematuria
Renal dysfunction

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10
Q

RPN causes

A 
Pyelonephritis
Obstruction
Sickle cell anemia
TB
Chronic alcoholism
Analgesic nephropathy
Radiation
DM
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11
Q

Ring sign/lobster claw sign of kidney seen in

A

REnal pap necrosis

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12
Q

Significant proteinuria?

A

> 2g/d

But pathological proteinuria = >150mg

Mild = <1 
Mod = 1-3.5
Sev = > 3.5
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13
Q

TABU proteins in urine

A

Tamm horsefall (uromodulin)
IgA precursor
BJp
Urokinase

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14
Q

Main proteins in tubular proteinuria

A

TH

B2M

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15
Q

Albumin-b2m protein ratio in glomerular and tubular proteinuria

A

> 1000:1. <10:1

Normal = 50-200

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16
Q

Causes of tubular proteinuria

A

Reduced resorption

Fanconi anemia
Wilsons disease
Lead poisoning
HTN

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17
Q

Granular casts by ?

A

ATN

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18
Q

WBc cast?

A

Pyelonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Graft rejection

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19
Q

Causes of sterile pyuria

A 
Stone
TB
Graft Rejection
Partially treated UTI
Interstitial nephritis
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20
Q

Decoy cell cast?

A

BK virus nephropathy

Post transplant

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21
Q 
Calcium phosphate 
Triple phosphate(staghorn)
Amoxicillin
Ciprofloxacin
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid
A 
Star like bruschite
Coffin lid struvite
Broom
Firecracker (star shaped)
Envelope 
Rhomboid/Diamond
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22
Q

KDIGO AKI

A

S.cr >0.3mg/dl in 2 days

S.cr > 50% of baseline in 7 days

U/o <0.5/mg/kg/hr for >6 hours

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23
Q

ATN causes(IIT)

A

Ischemia (shocks)

Infection: pneumonia/lepto/mal/UTI

Toxins: tacro/cyclos/contrast/aminog/amB/snakebite

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24
Q

AIN causes (DIA)

A

Drugs: Every Abx (EXC- amB/aminoglyco)

Infection : staph/strep/legionella

AID: Sjogren

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25
Q

Novel biomarkers AKI

A 
NGAL
KIM 1
Cystatin C
TIMP 2
IL-8
IGF BP7
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26
Q

CKD with non shrunken kidney

A

DM
ADPKD
Amyloidosis
HIV

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27
Q

Mcc CKD

A

DM

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28
Q

MC Adult onset cause CKD

A

ADKPD

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29
Q

MC childhood onset cause CKD

A

Nephronopthises

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30
Q

Skin features CKD

A

Pruritus
Urochrome pigmentation
Lindsay nail (1/2-1/2)

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31
Q

Endocrine CKD

A

Dec testo/estro
Inc prolactin
Improving DM

32
Q

Non endocrine causes of hyperprolactinemia

A

CLD
CKD
Drugs (Anti-dopaminergic——-antipsych)
Epilepsy

33
Q

EKBOMS’s disease causes what

A

Causes restless leg syndrome

(PLMB) periodic limb movement disorder

34
Q

GBM microscopic contents(3)

A

A345 collagen 4 chains
Laminin 11
Heparan sulphate

35
Q

Podocytes allow how much dimension transport?

36
Q

Albumin re absorbed by which receptors in PCT

A

Megalin and cubulin

37
Q

Drugs causing MCD

RIN

A

Rifampicin
Interferon
NSAIDS

38
Q

Drugs causing FSGS

HAPE

A

Heroin
Analgesics
Pamiclonate
Ecstacy

39
Q

Drugs causing MN

GMC-PD

A 
Gold
Mercury
Captopril
Probenecid
D-penicillamine
40
Q

Common virus causing FSGS MCD

41
Q

Malignancies in MCD FSGS MGN

A

HL. NHL. Breast/Lung Col/Kidney

42
Q

Reflux nephropathy causes which disease (among nephrotic syndrome)

43
Q

AID etiology in which Nephrotic syndrome disease

44
Q

Thrombotic complication is the main complication of which nephrotic syndrome disease

45
Q

Main complication of FSGS

46
Q

MGN antibodies

A

Anti PLA2 Ab (mc)

Anti THSDA1 Ab

47
Q

Which channel mutation in FSGS

A

TRPC6 cation

48
Q

Lipoid nephrosis is a feature of?

49
Q

IF of FSGS and MGN

50
Q

Depositis in MGN

A

Sub epithelial

Silver stain— spike and dome pattern

51
Q

Lipid droplets in tubules found in which disease?

A

FSGS

MCD they are found in renal parenchyma

52
Q

Aka collapsing GN?

53
Q

Synthetic ACTH is used in Rx of

A

MGN

Acts in melanocortin teceptor on podocytes

54
Q

Steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome DOC

A

Cyclophosphamide

55
Q

DOC SRNS

A

Cyclosporine

Steroid Resistant

56
Q

Earliest detectable stage of DN

A

Microalbuminuria

Rx ACE

57
Q

PSGN a/w which infection

A

Impetigo&raquo_space;» Pharyngitis

Delayed hematuria

58
Q

Deposits in IgAN (where and what)

A

Mesangial

IgA
C3
Properidin
IgM
IgG
59
Q

Deposits in PSGN

A

Sub epithelial + sub endothelial

Lumpy bumpy -IgM+IgG

60
Q

Defective galactosylysation takes place where IgA

A

Tonsils
(Secretes NAG—Ag enzyme—attracts Ab—defective production)

Rx IgAN- TONSILLECTOMY

61
Q

Pulmonary Renal syndrome organisms

A

Legionella

Hanta

62
Q

Drugs causing PRS

A

PTU

D-penicillamine

63
Q

Goodpastures antigen

A

NC1 domain—a3 chain of COLLAGEN 4

64
Q

MPGN other names

Membranoproliferative GN

A

Lobar GN
MesangioCAPILLARY GN

(NOT MESANGIOPROLIFERATIVE-IgAN)

65
Q

2° causes of MPGN

A 
Hep C***
Cryoglobinuria
SLE
Carcinomas*** Breast Ovary Lung
SABE
66
Q

Bx of MPGN

A

Sub Endothelial deposits

Separation of GBM from Endothelium by mesagium proliferation (TRAM TRACK/DOUBLE CONTOUR)

67
Q

Ddx of MPGN

M»F

A 
Cryoglobulinemia
(F>>M)
Stress ulcers+
Raynauds+
Arthralgia, Fatigue+
68
Q

Inheritance of alport

A

XLR(Xq22-24)&raquo_space; AR&raquo_space; AD

69
Q

Mutation in alport

A

a5 chain of COL4 > a3 > a4

70
Q

Alport EM

A

Basket Weave appearance

71
Q

LM of alport

72
Q

ADTKD (tubulointerstitial disease) other name

A

MCKD

Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease

73
Q

Nephronopthisis EXTRA RENAL Symptoms

A

Cysts (renal)

Senior Loken Syndrome (Ret pigmentosa)

Skeletal dysplasiA

Joubert Syndrome (cerebellar vermis hypoplasia)- MOLAR TOOTH

Bart-Biedl syndrome

74
Q

Mutations in MCKD

A 
I = MUCI 
II = UMOD
75
Q

Mutation in Nephronopthisis

A

NPHP1-NPHP20

Mc NPHP2

76
Q

Protein lost in NEPHRONOPTHISIS

A

Nephrocystin (CILIARY FN)

Nephronopthisis is a CILIOPATHY

Nephrology (1 decks)

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