ALL

Question 1

Anatomical Planes

Answer 1

Coronal/Frontal: anterior and posterior

Sagittal: left and right parts (median sagittal plane equally divides body)

Transverse/Horizontal/Axial: superior and inferior

Question 2

Anatomical Location

Answer 2

Anterior/Ventral:front
Posterior/Dorsal: back
Medial: toward middle
Lateral: away from middle
Superior/Rostral/Cranial: toward head
Inferior/Caudal: toward tail

Question 3

Abduction vs. Adduction

Answer 3

Abduction: away from midline

Adduction: toward midline

Question 4

Proximal vs. Distal

Answer 4

Being closer or farther from a structures origin

Question 5

Axial Skeleton

Answer 5

Vertebral column
Skull
Ribs
Sternum

Question 6

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 6

Upper extremity and shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula)

Lower extremity and pelvic girdle (fixed rigidly to sacrum)

Question 7

Joints

Answer 7

Site where 2 skeletal elements come together. There are two categories: SYNOVIAL JOINTS (skeletal elements separated by a cavity) and SOLID JOINTS (no cavity; components are held together by connective tissue).

Question 8

Synovial Joints

• Basic Characteristics
• Examples
• Range of Motion

Answer 8

Most common and most important clinically.

Bones connected via a fibrous tissue articular capsule that connects and encloses the articulating bones forming a joint CAVITY; contains a synovial membrane, which encloses the articular cavity.

Examples: shoulder joint, hip joint, acromioclavicular joint.

Range of motion: large range of movement between the articulating bones

Question 9

Solid Joints

Answer 9

Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either by fibrous connective tissue or by cartilage. Movements are more restricted than in synovial joints.

Types:

1) Fibrous Joints
2) Cartilaginous Joints

Question 10

Fibrous Joints

• Basic Characteristics
• Examples
• Range of Motion

Answer 10

Bones directly united by fibrous tissue

Examples: Sutures of the skull, interosseous membranes

Range of Motion: Little or no movement

Question 11

Cartilaginous Joints

• Basic Characteristics
• Examples
• Range of Motion

Answer 11

Bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Examples: Intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis

Range of Motion: slightly moveable, strong

Question 12

Articular Capsule

Answer 12

Synovial Joints

The capsule consists of fibrous tissue that connects and encloses the two articulating bones forming a joint cavity

Question 13

Capsular (Intrinsic) Ligaments

Answer 13

Synovial Joints

Specialized thickenings of parts of the capsule that form intrinsic ligaments responsible for support, stability and limiting joint movement

Question 14

Articular Cartilage

Answer 14

Synovial Joints

This cartilage, composed of hyaline (most common) or fibrocartilage, covers the surfaces of the articulating bones. The articular cartilage provides a wear-resistant, lubricated surface that reduces friction and wear-and-tear of the bones.

Question 15

Synovial Membrane

Answer 15

Synovial Joints

Lines all inner surfaces of the joint cavity, except the surfaces of the articular cartilage. The membrane secretes a small amount of synovial fluid that lubricates all structures of the joint.

Question 16

Articular Disc or Meniscus

Answer 16

Synovial Joints

Intracavity structures located in some, but not all, synovial joints and assist in making the articular surfaces more compatible with one another.

Question 17

Extrinsic Ligaments

Answer 17

Synovial Joints

In some synovial joints, noncapsular ligaments develop around the joint to provide increased strength and stability.

Question 18

Bursae

Answer 18

Synovial Joints

An extension of the synovial membrane and joint cavity. Contain synovial fluid and function to facilitate joint and muscular movements.