All Flashcards
Each hemisphere is divided into what four lobes?
Frontal. Parietal - top of the brain. Occipital - back of the brain. Temporal - sides.
How are the infoldings and bumps on the brain lobes called?
Infoldings - sulcus (sulci).
Bumps - gyrus (gyri).
What ion causes depolarisation (more positive)? What ion causes hyperpolarisation (even more negative)?
Depolarisation - Na+. Excitatory post-synaptic potential.
Hyperpolarisation - Cl-. Inhibitory post-synaptic potential.
What is signal integration ?
Sum of all the individual EPSPs and IPSPs.
Motor output comes from the motor cortex, which projects through X to Y, where it synapses with Z. What’s X, Y, and Z?
Pyramidal Tracts.
Spinal Cord.
Peripheral Motor Neurons. Other pathways run parallel from cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum via brainstem and spinal cord - called extrapyramidal system.
Motor control systems in the cortex are … ?
- Primary motor cortex - source of pyramidal tract neurons.
- Supplementary motor cortex - conception or initiation of movement. Lesions cause deficits in voluntary movement or speech.
- Premotor cortex - important in motor coordination. Lesions cause impairments in stability of stance and gait.
What does basal ganglia do ?
It basically modulates motor activity patterns.
Where are the sound waves converted into vibration ? Organ of … ?
Basilar membrane ?
Organ of Corti.
Deafness causes (three) ?
- Sensorineural - inability of the auditory nerve fibres to be excited in the normal manner.
- Conduction - disorders of the outer or middle ear, which prevent sound vibrations reaching the cochlea.
- Central - damage in the brain.
What is analgesia ? Where in brain is it believed to be a pain perception “centre” ?
It is the modulation of pain/nociception.
Probably cingulate cortex.
What molecule blocks analgesia ?
Naloxone.
Three types of opioid analgesia .. ?
I. Spinal - delta and kappa receptors - enkephalins, dynorphins.
II. Subraspinal - opioid receptor activation in the brain stem. mu receptors - morphine and endorphins.
III. Hormonal - adrenal, etc.
Non opioid-analgesia .. ?
i. Brain stem - noradrenaline and 5HT (serotonin)
ii. Spinal cord - noradrenaline blocks response to noxious stimuli, 5HT is analgesic.
iii. Periphery - anti-histamines and anti-inflammatories reduce impact of the injury, local anaesthetics.
iv. Others can include - stress, TENS, acupuncture, hypnosis, cognitive, placebo.
What is longitudinal fissure and corpus callosum ?
Longitudinal fissure “splits” brain in two and they communicate through the corpus callosum (large tract of neurones connecting two sides).
What part of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythm ?
Superchiasmatic Nucleus, which is located above optic chasm.
Where is it believed that sleep is modulated in the brain ?
Probably midbrain.
Three dominating theories of mental disorders … ?
- Psychodynamic - unconscious.
- Behavioural - reinforcement/punishment.
- Cognitive - interacting with the world.
- Humanistic - pursueing own values and goals.
OCD is usually treated with … ?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Types of Schizophrenia.
I. Disorganized Schizophrenia: disorganized speech and behaviours, less occurence.
II. Catatonic Schizophrenia: dramatic reduction in activity, voluntary movement might even stop.
III. Paranoid Schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations.
What is borderline personality disorder.
BPD is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion as well as marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of these criteria:
fear of abandonment – unstable interpersonal relationships – identity disturbance – impulsive behaviour – emotional instability – suicidal behaviour – emptiness – anger – dissociative symptoms or paranoia.
Stress response hormone ? all chain of them
Firstly a release of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), then corticotrophin release, release of stress hormones (glucocorticoids (which ultimately stops release of CRF) and adrenaline) from the adrenal cortex.
Explain: tricyclic antideppresants vs. monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
MAOI prevent the breakdown of dopamine, 5HT and noradrenaline.
Tricyclics prevent the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.
What is natural motivation pathway in human ?
Dopaminergic mesolimbi pathway.
Necrosis can happen because 1, 2, and 3 ?
- Excitotoxicity.
- Oxidative Stress.
- Toxicity from external sources.
