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Question 1

Six Psychological Components of SWB by Diener and Myers.

Answer 1

1. High self-esteem
2. Sense of perceived control
3. Extroversion
4. Optimism
5. Positive social relationships
6. Sense of meaning and purpose

Question 2

Types of measurement in Psychology and Neuroscience

Answer 2

1. Post mortem
2. Living neurones in isolation (in vitro)
3. Studies on intact living brains (in vivo)

Question 3

What is the drug that simulates both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (by blocking glutamate) ?

Answer 3

Phencyclidine.

Question 4

What are typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 4

Typical antipsychotics - antagonists at dopamine receptors.

Atypical antipsychotics - antagonits at both dopamine and serotonin receptors.

Question 5

Schizophrenia - temporal and frontal lobes, what do they affect?

Answer 5

When there is temporal lobe dysfunction it may link to positive schizophrenic symptomology.
When there is frontal lobe dysfunction it may link to negative schizophrenic symptomology.

Question 6

How is the process, where preexposure of a stimulus without consequence impairs the subsequent ability of that stimulus to enter into conditioned association, called ?

Answer 6

Latent inhibition.

Question 7

Explain what Adams (1963) Equity Theory states.

Answer 7

Equity theory says that people working equivalent work should be paid the same

Question 8

Explain what Vroom’s (1964) Expectancy Theory states.

Answer 8

Motivation at work results from people thinking their job is instrumental in achieving highly attractive outcome. Workers must be able to perform tasks that carry rewards.

Question 9

Practical approaches of Education Psychology (branches). Explain each one of them.

Answer 9

I. Behaviourism - motivation/reinforcement increases learning.
II. Social Learning Theory - learning is affected by observation of behaviour. (Attention -> Retain Information -> Reproduce information or behaviours -> Motivation to reproduce information or behaviour
III. Cognitive Developmental Theories - learning results from changes in mental processes that take place in the course of trying to make sense of the world.

Question 10

Two types of psychometric testing of people (kids f.e.)

Answer 10

i. Criterion Referenced Tests. - child has to achieve a particular objective like learn an alphabet.
ii. Norm Referenced Tests. -child has to do standardised test (like IQ test)

Question 11

Difference between clinical and structured interview/questionnaire.

Answer 11

Clinical interview is a conversational format conversation, whereas structured interview is more of a fixed set of questions that can allow make valid comparisons between subjects, but lack depth.

Question 12

Stages of pre-/post-natal development.

Answer 12

1. Germinal Stage - 2 weeks.
2. Pre-natal physical stage - 6 weeks.
3. Foetal stage - 7 months.
4. Birth - ~36 weeks.

Question 13

When does the period of quiescence in developmental stages begin and end?

Answer 13

Begins at ~ week 17, ends at ~ week 24. It is believed that quiescence brain function is reorganised during this period of time.

Question 14

Three ways to test children scientifically etc. (bc they don’t speak)

Answer 14

Preference – Habituation – Conditioning.

Question 15

Four stages of children attachment as by Bowlby

Answer 15

I. Birth (pre-attachment) Accept care from anyone
II. 2-7 months (attachment-in-the-making). Recognition of familiar people but still accepting care from anyone.
III. 7-24 months (full-blown attachment) follows caregiver, separation protest, wary of strangers.
IV. After 24 months. Attachment starts to lssen and can accommodate to caregiver’s needs.

Question 16

Brain development:

1) at 12-24 months
2) 20 months
3) beyond 24 months

Answer 16

1) Myelinisation, increasing brain size & weight
2) Cortex reaches its maximum thickness
3) Synaptic pruning

Question 17

Language development theories (3)

Answer 17

1) Behaviourist theory (B.F. Skinner): language is learnt through operant conditioning. Reinforcement.
2) Nativist theory (N. Chomsky): language is innate for human-beings. LAD - Language Acquisition Device.
3) Social Interaction Theory (J. Bruner): language is learnt through social interactions.

Question 18

Two other guys that extended Piaget’s work about cognitive development

Answer 18

Lev Vygotsky (Sociocultural Theory) and Jerome Bruner (Scaffolding)

Question 19

Three processes of schema change

Answer 19

i. Bookkeeping - gradual, drip feed.
ii. Conversion - sudden, critical mass of new info.
iii. Subtyping - nuance with new categories (happen most often)

Question 20

What is a base-rate information?

Answer 20

It is statiscial information about events but people don’t realise how relevant it is

Question 21

Explain these five strategic motives:
I. Ingratiation.
II. Supplication.
III. Exemplification.
IV. Intimidation.
V. Self-promotion

Answer 21

I. Ingratiation - trying to be liked.
II. Supplication - exploiting one’s weaknesses and submitting to someone.
III. Exemplification - trying to project integrity and moral worthiness.
IV. Intimidation - trying to show you’re dangerous.
V. Self-promotion - trying to “sell” yourself as you are competent enough for something.

Question 22

Heider’s Theory of Naive Psychology.

Answer 22

Three principles:
1. Own behaviours has purpose so others must have intentions as well.
2. Trying to predict what someone will do.
3. All aspects of the person needs to be evaluated so we get a clear idea of what they do.
Internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions.

Question 23

Jones’ and Davis’ Theory of Correspondent Inference

Answer 23

5 Points: was the behaviour freely chosen, were there any non-common effects, was the behaviour socially desirable, did the behaviours had direct impact on me/us, was it intended to have impact on us.

Question 24

Kelley’s Covariation Model

Answer 24

Consistency -> Distinctiveness -> Consensus

Question 25

Schachter’s theory of emotional lability.

Answer 25

Labelling emotions might have a different outcome of the same stimulation.

Question 26

Weiner’s Attributional Theory

Answer 26

Locus (internal/external);
Controllability (controllable/uncontrollable);
Stability (stable/unstable).

Question 27

Bystander effect. Latane and Darley’s Cognitive Model.

Answer 27

1. Diffusion of responsibility (like being alone or not)
2. Audience inhibition (looking “silly”, etc.)
3. Social influence (if others do not think it is an emergency - means it is not)