ALKENES

Question 1

What is a homologous series

Answer 1

Organic compounds with the same functional group

Question 2

What is a functional group

Answer 2

Reactive part of an organic molecule: Alkenes: C=C bonds makes them more reactive than an alkane

Question 3

General formula for alkanes and alkenes

Answer 3

Alkane: CnH2n+2

Alkene: CnH2n

N= no. of carbons

Question 4

What does combustion produce

Answer 4

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 5

Why does the combustion of alkenes produce a sootier flame than an alkane

Answer 5

Incomplete combustion producing carbon particulates

Question 6

Conditions for hydrogenation

Answer 6

Nickel catalyst, 150*C

Question 7

Conditions for hydration

Answer 7

Phosphoric acid catalyst, Steam 300*C

Question 8

Testing alkanes and alkenes with bromine water

Answer 8

Alkanes: stay orange-brown
Alkenes: orange brown to colourless (not Clear)

Question 9

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 9

Saturating the alkene, converting double bonds into single bonds

Question 10

What is combustion? (Of an alkene)

Answer 10

A chemical reaction where the alkene reacts with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O and energy

Question 11

What is hydration? (Of an alkene)

Answer 11

A chemical reaction where water is added to an alkene to form an alcohol, breaks down the double c bond, adds an -OH group to one carbon and a hydrogen atom to the other

Question 12

What’s a haloalkane

Answer 12

A haloalkane is an organic compound where one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by a halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

Question 13

What are the first four alcohols in the homologous series

Answer 13

Methanol ethanol propanol butanol

Question 14

What’s the functional group of alcohols

Answer 14

the OH

Question 15

What ending goes with alcohols

Answer 15

anol

Question 16

3 main uses of alcohols

Answer 16

Fuels
Solvents
Alcoholic drinks

Question 17

How to alcohols react with oxygen

Answer 17

Burn well, combust, oxidised to carboxylic acids slowly by mild oxidant agents

Question 18

Ethanol + oxygen =

(For complete combustion)

Answer 18

Carbon dioxide + water

Question 19

Ethanol + oxygen=

(For incomplete/partial combustion)

Answer 19

Ethanoic acid + water

Question 20

How does alcohol react with sodium

Answer 20

Fizzes (producing H2 gas)

Question 21

Ethanol + sodium =

Answer 21

Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

Question 22

Relationship between alcohols solubility and the no. carbon atoms

Answer 22

Alcohols with small carbon chains are soluble in water and form neutral solutions. However, as the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol increases, solubility in water decreases.

Question 23

How do alcohols react with carboxylic acid

Answer 23

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of a concentrated sulfuric acid (H_2SO_4) catalyst to form esters.

Question 24

Ethanoic acid + ethanol =
Carboxylic acid + alcohol =

Answer 24

Ethyl ethanoate
Ester + H2O

Question 25

Chemical formulas of glucose

Answer 25

C6H12O6

Question 26

Fermentation of sugar cane is a method of making alcohol, what conditions are needed

Answer 26

Yeast catalyst Anaerobic (if O2 is added it forms carboxylic acid) Temp 30-40 degrees (at lower temp, rate of reaction too slow, higher temps can make yeast denature which stops the reaction)

Question 27

You can make alcohol by adding Ethene to H2O, what are the conditions

Answer 27

Phosphoric acid catalyst Steam 300 degrees

Question 28

What is biofuel

Answer 28

A renewable fuel made from plant material or animal waste

Question 29

Glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide is the equation for what

Answer 29

Fermentation of sugar cane

Question 30

Advantages of using the fermentation method to create alcohol

Answer 30

Renewable Doesn’t require as much energy

Question 31

Disadvantages of using the fermentation method to create alcohol

Answer 31

Land for plants instead of crops Need time for plants to grow Batch process with multiple steps Ethanol is aqueous

Question 32

Meaning of aqueous

Answer 32

Dissolved in water or containing water

Question 33

Advantages of using the Ethene method to create alcohol

Answer 33

Continuous process: quick Only one product formed (no waste) Ethanol is pure

Question 34

Disadvantages of using the Ethene method to create alcohol

Answer 34

Non renewable (from crude oil) Requires lots of energy

Question 35

What’s the functional group of carboxylic acid and what is the word ending What are the first four carboxylic acids

Answer 35

COOH oic acid Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid,

Question 36

What’s the observation and conclusion for the reaction of water and carboxylic acid

Answer 36

Miscible in water (unusual for organic compounds) Mix with water to form a weakly acidic solution

Question 37

What’s the observation and conclusion for the reaction of carbonate and carboxylic acid

Answer 37

Fizzing React with sodium hydrogen carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas

Question 38

What’s the observation and conclusion for the reaction of ethanol and carboxylic acid

Answer 38

Aroma Butyl ethanoate (also in pears) sweet smelling ester is formed

Question 39

Meaning of miscible

Answer 39

Two substances can mix together to form a homogeneous solution (dissolve into each other without forming separate layers)

Question 40

Carboxylic acids are ____ acids so partially ______

Answer 40

Weak Ionise

Question 41

Functional group of esters and what’s the word ending

Answer 41

COO alkyl - - oate

Question 42

Name one ester

Answer 42

Ethyl ethanoate

Question 43

Polymers are m__________. They are a formation of _____ _________ molecules from lots of ______ molecules joining together.

Answer 43

Macromolecules Long chain Small

Question 44

What are the two types of polymers and tell me about their products

Answer 44

Addition: with no other products Condensation: with another small molecule (e.g water) produced as well

Question 45

What are the three types of structures when talking about polymers?

Answer 45

Monomer structure Polymer structure Repeating unit

Question 46

What must you always do before converting an Alkene into a polymer in an equation

Answer 46

Rearrange the alkene into the correct format

Question 47

What is thermosoftening?

Answer 47

• individual chains intertwined • weak forces between chains • melt and remold

Question 48

What is thermosetting

Answer 48

• form cross links between chains and held in solid structure • hard and rigid • do not soften when heated

Question 49

What does phenylethene make

Answer 49

Polystyrene

Question 50

What does chloroethene make

Answer 50

PVC

Question 51

What does tetrafluoroethene make

Answer 51

PTFE/Teflon

Question 52

What does methyl 2-cyanopropenoate make

Answer 52

Superglue

Question 53

What does methyl propenoate make

Answer 53

Perspex

Question 54

Uses of polystyrene, PVC, Teflon/PTFE, superglue, Perspex (These are all products of addition polymers)

Answer 54

Polystyrene: insulation, packaging materials PVC: plumbing pipes, electrical cable insulation Teflon/PTFE: non stick coatings, Industrial lubricants Superglue: bonding materials, medical applications Perspex: windows, protective screens

Question 55

Terylene (a polyester) makes what? What’s it used for?

Answer 55

PET Plastic bottles, containers, clothing fibres

Question 56

Nylon, Kevlar and amino acids are examples of polyamides. Give the uses of each one

Answer 56

Nylon: clothing fabrics, ropes Kevlar: bullet proof vests, strong rope Amino acids: form proteins

Question 57

Describe a polyester reaction

Answer 57

Dicarboxylic acid and diol join H20 is removed Ester link is formed

Question 58

What do shapes represent in a condensation polymer reaction

Answer 58

Groups of atoms between the functional groups

Question 59

What’s the functional group of an Ester

Answer 59

COO

Question 60

Describe a polyamide reaction

Answer 60

Dicarboxylic acid and diamine Lose H20 Peptide link formed

Question 61

What’s the functional group for a polyamide reaction?

Answer 61

CONH

Question 62

What’s the difference between a polyamide reaction and a polyester reaction?

Answer 62

Polyamide: peptide link (CONH) Polyester: ester link (COO)

Question 63

What’s the difference between addition and condensation polymers?

Answer 63

Addition polymer doesn’t produce any other products

Question 64

A carbonate + a carboxylic acid =

Answer 64

A salt, carbon dioxide and water

Question 65

What’s the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 65

M: Glucose P: Starch and sugar

Question 66

What’s the monomer and polymer of proteins

Answer 66

M: amino acids P: polypeptide (polyamide)

Question 67

4 examples of naturally occurring proteins

Answer 67

Enzymes Haemoglobin Antibodies Body tissues

Question 68

What are the two groups making up amino acids

Answer 68

Amine group Carboxylic acid group

Question 69

What’s the role of DNA

Answer 69

Hold genetic information in the nucleus

Question 70

What is dna made up of

Answer 70

2 polymer chains which form a double helix 4 different monomers called nucleotides

Question 71

Name the four nucleotides (CGAT)

Answer 71

Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine

Question 72

Ethene + water (steam) = ethanol is the equation for what

Answer 72

Making alcohol using ethene