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CHM242 > Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry > Flashcards

Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Compounds with C-C single bonds and C-H bonds

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2
Q

What is another name for alkanes?

A

Aliphatic compounds

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3
Q

What is the formula for an alkane with no rings?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What is an alkane with n = 11? n = 12? n= 13?

A

11 = undecane
12 = dodecane
13 = tridecane

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same number and kinds of atoms but differ in the way the atoms are arranged

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6
Q

What are straight-chain alkanes?

A

Alkanes with C’s connected to no more than 2 other C’s

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7
Q

What is another word for straight-chain alkanes?

A

Normal alkanes

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8
Q

What are branched-chain alkanes?

A

Alkanes with one or more carbon atoms connected to 3 or 4 carbon atoms

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9
Q

What are constitutional isomers?

A

Isomers that differ in how their atoms are arranged in chains

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10
Q

What are alkyl groups?

A

Partial structure that remains after the removal of one H from an alkane

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11
Q

Are alkyls stable compounds?

A

No, they are parts of larger compounds.

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12
Q

What is a primary carbon?

A

Carbon bonded to one other carbon

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13
Q

What is a secondary carbon?

A

Carbon bonded to two other carbons

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14
Q

What is a tertiary carbon?

A

Carbon bonded to 3 other carbons

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15
Q

What is a quaternary carbon?

A

Carbon bonded to four other carbons

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16
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Collection of atoms at a site that have a characteristic behaviour in all molecules where they occur.

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17
Q

How do functional groups influence reactivity of a compound?

A

Group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule.

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18
Q

Give an example of a functional group having a similar effect on different molecules.

A

Double bonds in ethylene (simple) and menthene (complex) react with bromine in the same way.

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19
Q

How many bonds do alkenes have?

A

2

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20
Q

How many bonds do alkynes hhave

A

triple

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21
Q

What are arenes?

A

Arenes have alternating double and single C-C bonds in a six-membered ring

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22
Q

What functional groups result in polar bonds? (8)

A

Haloalkanes
Alcohols
Ethers
Alkyl phosphates
Amines
Thiols
Sulfides
Disulfides

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23
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Alkene
-ene

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24
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Alkyne
-yne

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25
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Arene
None

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26
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Halide
None

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27
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Alcohol
-ol

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28
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Ether
Ether

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29
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Monophosphate
Phosphate

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30
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Diphosphate
diphosphate

31
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Amine
-amine

32
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Imine (schiff base)
None

33
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Nitrile
-nitrile

34
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Thiol
-thiol

35
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.
R = carbon

A

Sulfide
sulfide

36
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.
R = carbon

A

Disulfide
sulfide

37
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Sulfoxide
sulfoxide

38
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Aldehyde
-al

39
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Ketone
-one

40
Q

Name functional group and give ending

A

carboxylic acid
-oic acid

41
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Ester
-oate

42
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Thioester
-thioate

43
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Amide
-amide

44
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Acid chloride
-oyl chloride

45
Q

Name the functional group and give its name ending.

A

Carboxylic acid anhydride
-oic anhydride

46
Q

What is a group containing a C-O double bond called?

A

Carbonyl

47
Q

List the 7 functional groups that contain a carbonyl group.

A

Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic acid
Ester
Thioester
Amide
Acid chloride

48
Q

What is the IUPAC rule for naming compounds?

A

Locant-Prefix-Parent-Suffix

49
Q

Outline the steps in naming complex branched-chain alkanes.

A
  1. Find the parent hydrocarbon chain
  2. Number the atoms in the longest chain
  3. Identify and number substituents
  4. Write the name as a single word
  5. Name a branched substituent as though it were itself a compound
50
Q

How do you pick the parent chain in a compound with two different chains of equal length?

A

Choose the one with the larger number of substituents

51
Q

Where do you begin numbering the carbons?

A

At the end nearer the first branch point.

52
Q

How do you begin numbering carbons in a chain containing branch points that are equal distances away?

A

Begin at end nearer to the second branch point.

53
Q

What is stereochemistry?

A

Branch of chemistry concerned with the 3D aspects of molecules

54
Q

What are conformers/conformational isomers?

A

Molecules that have different arrangements.

55
Q

What is the difference in potential energy between the eclipsed and staggered conformations of ethane?

A

12 kJ/mol

56
Q

On a graph of PE vs. bond rotation in ethane, what conformation is the highest point? Lowest?

A

Highest = eclipsed
Lowest = staggered

57
Q

Define the staggered conformation of ethane.

A

All 6 C-H bonds are as far away as possible.

58
Q

Define the eclipsed conformation of ethane.

A

All 6 C-H bonds are as close as possible to each other.

59
Q

Which is more stable, eclipsed or staggered conformation?

A

Staggered.

60
Q

What is torsional strain?

A

Caused by electron repulsion between eclipsed bonds.

61
Q

What are the three interactions in the eclipsed conformer of propane?

A

two ethane-type C-H bond interactions
One H-CH3 interaction

62
Q

What is steric strain?

A

Repulsive interaction that occurs when atoms are forced closer together than their atomic radii will allow.

63
Q

How much more stable is staggered propane than eclipsed propane?

A

~14 kJ/mol

64
Q

How much is steric strain worth in eclipsed propane?

A

2 kJ/mol.

65
Q

What is the anti conformation of butane?

A

Geometric arrangement around a C-C single bond in which the two largest substituents are 180 degrees apart.

66
Q

What is the gauche conformation of butane?

A

Conformation of butane in which the two methyl groups lie 60 degrees apart.

67
Q

What strain is involved in the gauche conformation of butane?

A

steric only, no torsional strain.

68
Q

What is the eclipsed conformation of butane?

A

Two largest substituents are 0 degrees apart.

69
Q

What is the energy cost for H<->H eclipsed conformation? What is the cause?

A

4.0 kJ/mol - torsional strain

70
Q

What is the energy cost for H<->CH3 eclipsed conformation? What is the cause?

A

6.0 kJ/mol
Mostly torsional strain

71
Q

What is the energy cost for CH3<->CH3 eclipsed conformation? What is the cause?

A

11.0 kJ/mol
Torsional and steric strain

72
Q

What is the energy cost for CH3<->CH3 gauche conformation? What is the cause?

A

3.8 kJ/mol
Steric strain

73
Q
A

CHM242 (5 decks)

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