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Chemistry As > Alkanes Alkenes And Halogenalkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Alkenes And Halogenalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

First stage in the formation of haloalkanes

A

Initiation

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2
Q

Second stage in the formation of haloalkanes

A

Propagation step 1 and step 2

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3
Q

Final stage in the formation of haloalkanes

A

Termination

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4
Q

What is required for initiation

A

Ultra violet light

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5
Q

What is created during initiation

A

A halogen radical

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6
Q

What affects the electron composition of a radical

A

The electronegativity

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7
Q

Free radicals are …..

A

Highly reactive

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8
Q

What happens in initiation

A

A uv photon creates a free radical pair from a diatomic molecule.

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9
Q

What happens In step 1 of propagation

A

The created radical steals a hydrogen from the alkane creation a H-halogen molecule and a alkane with a radicalised carbon

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10
Q

What happens in step 2 of propagation

A

The radicalised carbon in the alkane strips a halogen of a diatomic molecule and forms a haloalkane and a radicalised halogen

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11
Q

What is termination

A

When 2 radicals bond together to form a molecule with no radicals present.

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12
Q

An example of a product created during termination

A

Cl2

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13
Q

An example of a free radical substitution

A

The destruction of Ozone

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14
Q

How are haloalkanes formed

A

Free radical substitution

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15
Q

What is it in CFC’s that make them so destructive

A

The chlorine radical

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16
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A molecule only containing hydrogen and carbon

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17
Q

Saturated meaning

A

Contains only single bonded atoms eg alkanes

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18
Q

Unsaturated meaning

A

Contains double or triple bonds eg nitrogen and alkenes

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19
Q

What is a haloalkane

A

An alkane (only C—C bonds) with one or more halogens bonded to it

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20
Q

Difference between a alkane and alkene

A

Alkanes have C-C and alkenes have C=C bonds

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21
Q

Functional group of alkane

A

C—C

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22
Q

Functional group of alkene

A

C==C

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23
Q

Primary haloalkanes

A

When the carbon bonded to halogen is only connected to one other alkyl group

24
Q

Secondary haloalkanes

A

When the carbon bonded to the halogen is bonded to 2 alkyl groups

25
Q

Tertiary haloalkanes

A

When the carbon bonded to the halogen is connected to 3 alkyl groups

26
Q

nucleophile

A

Donates an electron pair to form a new covalent bond

27
Q

What is important for nucleophile substitution

A

Lone pairs

28
Q

What is the best nucleophile

A

Hydroxide ion

29
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

The splitting of covalent bonds into radicals where the radicals both take a electron

30
Q

What process is used to split mixtures with different boiling points

A

Fractional distillation

31
Q

What process is used to split the fractions in crude oil

A

Fractional distillation

32
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking

A

Thermal and catalytic

33
Q

What is required for thermal cracking

A

700-1200K and pressures up to 7000KPa

34
Q

One disadvantages of thermal cracking

A

High cost due to temperature and pressure

35
Q

What is required for catalytic cracking

A

Approx 720K,Low pressure (>atmospheric) and a Zeolite catalyst.

36
Q

What is a zeolite catalyst

A

Silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide aka aluminosilicates

37
Q

What structure are zeolite catalysts

A

Honeycomb for great surface area

38
Q

What are the main products of catalytic cracking

A

Branched alkanes,cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds

39
Q

What needs to happen to the products of catalytic cracking

A

They need to be fractionally distilled to separate them again

40
Q

What are the reasons for cracking

A

It helps fulfil the demand of some of the fractions of crude oil that are in high demand. It also creates feedstock for industry.

41
Q

Why do some chain lengths of alkanes have greater BP than others

A

Due to intermolecular forces between molecules (the longer the stronger)

42
Q

Why do branched alkanes burn better than straight alkanes

A

Weaker intermolecular forces as they can’t line up directly

43
Q

Gases Hazardous to humans produced by combustion

A

Carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,carbon particulates and unburnt hydrocarbons

44
Q

Gases that affect the atmosphere produced by combustion

A

Water (gaseous) and carbon dioxide

45
Q

Gases that cause acid rain that are produced in combustion

A

Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides (NOx)

46
Q

Why are unburnt hydrocarbons dangerous

A

They break down to create photochemical smog and can damage the atmosphere

47
Q

Main ways of mitigating the damage of the combustion of alkanes

A

Catalytic converters and flue gas desulfurisation.

48
Q

How does flue gas desulfuration work

A

Calcium oxide (aq) is sprayed into the exhaust of powerplants and this reacts with the sulfur dioxide to form gypsum

49
Q

Gypsum uses

A

Plaster and plaster boards for construction

50
Q

How do catalytic converters work

A

They catalyse the products of internal combustion engines and break down NOx,CO and unburnt hydrocarbons into nitrogen and carbon dioxide (respectfully)

51
Q

Why are catalytic converters honeycombed shaped

A

To increase surface area.

52
Q

What is inside the catalytic converter

A

A honeycomb of ceramic materials coated with platinum and rhodium metals (rare earth metals)

53
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution

A

The process where a halogen is displaced by a negative ion or a molecule with lone pairs

54
Q

Which bonds are usually broken first

A

The weakest bond (lowest bond enthalpy)

55
Q

Electrophile

A

Accepts an electron pair to form a new covalent bond

Chemistry As (15 decks)

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