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A level Chemistry > Aliphatic Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Aliphatic Synthetic Routes Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A

Free Radical substitution
Cl2/Br2/I2 + ultraviolet light

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2
Q

Alkene to Alkane

A

Hydrogenation
H2(g) + Ni catalyst

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3
Q

Alkene to Haloalkane

A

Electrophilic addition
HCl/ HBr / HI

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4
Q

Alkene to Alcohol

A

Hydration
H2O(g) + heat + H3PO4 catalyst

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5
Q

Alcohol to Alkene

A

Dehydration
H3PO4 catalyst + heat

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6
Q

Haloalkane to Alcohol

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
NaOH(aq)

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7
Q

Alcohol to Haloalkane

A

Nucleophilic substitution
NaCl / NaBr / NaI +H2SO4 catalyst

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8
Q

Haloalkane to Nitrile

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
KCN/ ethanol

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9
Q

Haloalkane to Primary Amine

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
NH3/ethanol (excess NH3)

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10
Q

Haloalkane to Secondary/ Tertiary Amine

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
NH3/ ethanol (excess Haloalkane)

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11
Q

Nitrile to Primary Amine

A

Reduction
H2(g) + Ni catalyst

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12
Q

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

A

Acid hydrolysis
Dilute HCl

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13
Q

Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation
Acidified Potassium dichromate
Reflux

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14
Q

Primary Alcohol to aldehyde

A

Oxidation
Acidified Potassium dichromate
distillation

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15
Q

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

A

Oxidation
Acidified Potassium dichromate
Reflux

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16
Q

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation
Acidified Potassium dichromate
Reflux

17
Q

Aldehyde to Primary Alcohol

A

Reduction
NaBH4(aq)

18
Q

Ketone to Secondary Alcohol

A

Reduction
NaBH4(aq)

19
Q

Aldehyde/Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

A

Nucleophilic addition
NaCN(aq) + H+(aq)

20
Q

Primary Amine to Amide

A

Condensation
Acyl Chloride

21
Q

Carboxylic acid to Acyl Chloride

22
Q

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis
H2O

23
Q

Acyl Chloride to Amide

A

Condensation
NH3 or Amine

24
Q

Carboxylic acid to Ester

A

Esterification
Alcohol + Conc H2SO4 catalyst

25
Q

Acyl Chloride to Ester

A

Esterification
Alcohol

26
Q

Acid Anhydride to Ester

A

Esterification
Alcohol

27
Q

Esther to Alcohol + Carboxylate salt

A

Base hydrolysis
NaOH

28
Q

Esther to Alcohol + Carboxylic acid

A

Acid Hydrolysis
(moderately concentrated ) HCl + H2O

A level Chemistry (4 decks)

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