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Physiology credit IV > Alimentary tract function > Flashcards

Alimentary tract function Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Gi refers to:

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • intestines
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2
Q

What does the upper GI include:

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
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3
Q

What does the lower GI include:

A
  • Small intestine

- Large intestine

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4
Q

What are the major processes occuring in the GI tract?

A
  • Motility
  • Secretion
  • Regulation
  • Digestion
  • Absoption
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5
Q

What are the GI hormones:

A
  • gastrin
  • cholecytokinin (CKK)
  • secretin
  • glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (gastric inhibitory polypeptide; GIP)
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6
Q

Where does MOST of the digestion and absorption take place?

A

In the small intestine

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7
Q

What get absorbed in the stomach?

A

Medium-chain fatty acids and some drugs. Proteins and fat too.

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8
Q

What are the specialised epithelial cells in the small intestine that take up the digested products of nutrients for transport into either the portal circulation or the lymphatic system called?

A

Enterocytes

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9
Q

Where are the enterocytes found?

A

In the small intestine

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10
Q

What increases the surface area for uptake from the lumen of the small intestine?

A

The villi and brush border membrane of the enterocytes.

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11
Q

What facilitates the digestion and absorption in the GI tract?

A

Secretions from the:

  • salivary glands
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • liver
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12
Q

What are the two primary function of the secretory glands?

A
  • FIRST, digestive enzymes are secreted from the mouth to the small intestine to break down food.
  • SECOND, glands secrete mucus for lubrication and protection.
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13
Q

Does the secretion of mucus play a prominent role in the immune system?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What two types of protein secretion does the salivary glands produce?

A
  • Serous cells: produce secretion containing amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch
  • mucous cells: produce mucin for lubrication and protection
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15
Q

What enzyme that breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

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16
Q

What functions does saliva have?

A
  • facilitate chewing and swallowing by lubricating food
  • carries immunoglobulins that combat pathogens
  • assis in carbohydrate digestion
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17
Q

What is salivon?

A

Salivon is the basic unit of the salivary gland.

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18
Q

What forms the salivon?

A

The acinus and associated ductal system form the salivon

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19
Q

What three phases does the gastric secretion occur in?

A
  1. The cephalic phase
  2. The gastric phase
  3. The intestinal phase
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20
Q

What is the main gastric enzyme in protein digestion?

A

pepsin

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21
Q

What controls the gastric secretion?

A

Gastric secretion is under neuronal and hormonal control

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22
Q

What inhibit gastric secretion?

A

Gastric secretion is inhibited by gastric hormones:

  • somatostatin
  • secretin
  • gastric inhibitory peptide
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23
Q

Where are pancreatic enzymes produced?

A

in the aciar cells

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24
Q

What are the pancreatic secretions rich in?

A

bicarbonate ions

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25
Q

Read page

A
  • 22-27/69
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26
Q

What cause the release of secretin?

A

The presence of acid in the duodenum cause the release of secretin.

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27
Q

What cause the relese of Cholecytokinin?

A

The presence of fats in duodenum cause the relese of Cholecytokinin.

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28
Q

What cause the release of pancreatic enzymes?

A

Vagal stimulation cause the release of pancreatic enzymes.

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29
Q

What cause the release of bicarbonate secretion?

A

Secretin causes the release of bicarbonate secretion.

CCK causes the release of enzymes.

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30
Q

What produces the bile?

A

the hepatocytes (cells of the liver)

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31
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile facilitate the digestion of lipids in the small intestine by emulsifying fat and forming aggregates around fat droplets called micelles.

32
Q

Where is bile stored and where is it discharged?

A

Gallbladder and it is discharged into the duodenum (small intestine).

33
Q

What is bilirubin a component of?

A

Bilirubin is the major component of bile pigments.

34
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Bilirubin is an end product of hemoglobin degradation in monocyte-macrophage system in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver.

35
Q

What does intestinal crypts secrete?

A

Intestinal fluid.

36
Q

Where are intestinal crypt located?

A

They are found in all regions in the small intestine. They are sandwiched in between villi.

37
Q

The secretion of watery fluid is derived mainly from cells in the ____________

A

The crypts of Lieberkuhn

38
Q

Gastrointestinal Control:

A

Most functions are controlled by the enteric nervous system.

39
Q

What is the enteric system influenced by?

A

The enteric nervous system is influenced by the autonomic nervous system and hormones secreted by the endocrine cells of the stomach and small intestines

40
Q

Conditions within the lumen of the GI tract are monitored by three kinds of receptors:

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Osmoreceptors
41
Q

Mechanoreceptors:

A

which detect the stretch of the wall.

42
Q

Chemoreceptors:

A

monitor the concentration of various substances, including H+ and fats.

43
Q

Osmoreceptors:

A

monitor the osmolarity of the lumenal contents. The effector organs of the GI tract are the smooth muscle and the secretory cells. Four endocrine hormones are known to exert an effect on the GI tract.

44
Q

Four endocrine hormones are known to exert an effect on the GI tract. The hormones include:

A
  • Gastrin -> secreted in the stomach.

- Cholecystokinin, Secretin, Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) - > secreted in the duodenum and jejunum.

45
Q

Short Reflex Pathways:

A

Signals travel from receptors, to the intrinsic nerve plexuses and then directly to the effectors.

46
Q

Long Reflex Pathways:

A

Signals travel from receptors, to the CNS, to intrinsic nerve plexuses and then to the effectors. These pathways usually involves the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes activity by increasing muscle activity and fluid secretion. The sympathetic nervous system promotes a reduction in gastrointestinal activity.

47
Q

How does glucose and galactose enter the epithelia cells?

A

Glucose and galactose enter epithelial cells via sodium linked secondary active transport across the apical membrane.

48
Q

How does fructose enter the epithelia cells?

A

Fructose enters by facilitated diffusion.

49
Q

How does the sugars exit the epithelia cells?

A

The sugars exit the epithelia cells across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion.

50
Q

Where is bile ejected in to?

A

The small intestine

51
Q

Can all polysaccharides be digested?

A

No. Cellulose, or plant fiber, which form dietary fibers can not be digested.

52
Q

Disaccharides:

A
  • sucrose

- lactose

53
Q

Monosaccharides:

A
  • glucose

- fructose

54
Q

slide 44, 51, 58

A

digestion of carbohydrates, action of pancreatic lipase, pepsin digest,

55
Q

Brush border enzymes

A
  • limit dextrinase
  • glucoamylase
  • sucrase
  • lactase
  • maltase
56
Q

How does glucose and galactose enter the epithelial cells?

A

via sodium-linked secondary active transport across the apical membrane

57
Q

How does fructose enter the epithelial cells?

A

by facilitaed diffusion

58
Q

How does the sugars exit the cells across the basolateral membrane?

A

by facilitated diffusion

59
Q

Where does lipid digestions begin?

A

Lipid digestion begins in the mouth with lingual lipase and continues in the stomach where gastric lipase is added to the mixture

60
Q

Where does most digestion of lipids occure?

A

in the small intestine where chyme is mixed with lipases in pancreatic juice

61
Q

Emulsification

A

Bile salt enhance the digestive action of lipases by breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets in a process called emulsification. This increases the surface area where lipase can act

62
Q

What are bile salts derived from?

A

cholesterol

63
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

In the ileum the bulk of the bile salts are absorbed and recycled by the liver in a pathway referred to as the enterohepatic circulation.

64
Q

How does the fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the enterocytes?

A

simple diffusion

65
Q

How are chylomicrons secreted across the basolateral membrane?

66
Q

What enters the lymphatic capillaries?

A

the chylomicrons. The flow of lymphatic fluid carries the chylomicrons to the bloodstream.

67
Q

What absorb dipeptides and tripeptides (short peptides)?

A

enterocytes

68
Q

Which two enzymes does the protein digestion require?

A
  • endopeptidases

- exopeptidases

69
Q

Endopeptidases

A

which split polypeptides at interios bonds

70
Q

Exopeptidases

A

which cleave off amino acids at either end of the polypeptide. Digestion begins in the stomach with the action of pepsin.

71
Q

Pepsin

A

Pepsin is converted from pepsinogen by other pepsin molecules that are activated by hydrochloric (HCl) acid secreted by parietal cells.

72
Q

What does parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric (HCl) acid

73
Q

Pancreatic proteases:

A
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxy-peptidase
74
Q

Brush border enzymes:

A
  • carboxypeptidase
  • aminopeptidase
  • dipeptidase
75
Q

Where is protein digestion completed?

A

Protein digestion is completed in the small intestine by enzymes secreted by the pancreas and by enzymes bound to the intestinal brush border.

76
Q

What converts trypsinogen into trypsin?

A

enterokinase, a brush border enzyme.

77
Q

Physiology credit IV (3 decks)

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