Alimentary tour

Question 1

6 salivary glands (2x)

Answer 1

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

Question 2

four distinctive layer in oesophagus?

Answer 2

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

Question 3

what is the nervous system in the gut called?

Answer 3

enteric nervous system

Question 4

what controls motility in the gut? located?

Answer 4

myenteric plexus

located between circular and longitudinal muscle

Question 5

what epithelium in mouth, oesophagus and anal canal?

Answer 5

stratified squamous

Question 6

what epithelium in stomach, small & large intestine?

Answer 6

simple columnar

Question 7

how many layers in muscular external and what do they do?

Answer 7

2 layers

inner layer = circular muscle which constricts lumen

outer layer = longitudinal muscle which shortens tube

Question 8

parasympathetic control?

action?

Answer 8

vagus never everything below head and neck

stimulatory, increasing secretion and motility

Question 9

sympathetic?

action?

Answer 9

splanchnic nerve?

decreases secretion and motility

Question 10

What does celiac trunk supply? (4)

Answer 10

stomach/small intestine/ pancreas/ liver

Question 11

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply? (5)

Answer 11

small intestine
caecum
ascending colon
transverse colon

Question 12

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply? (3)

Answer 12

descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum

Question 13

what controls the status of iron?

what transfers iron over brush border membrane?

Answer 13

ferritin

DMT1

Question 14

control of salivary production?

Answer 14

Parasympathetic and sympathetic are both stimulatory

Parasympathetic by cranial nerves (facial & glossopharyngeal) resulting in profuse watery secretions

Sympathetic results in a small volume of viscous salivary secretion with high mucus content

reflex control by presence of food in the mouth

Question 15

where is the swallowing centre?

Answer 15

medulla

Question 16

what is vagus nerves’ effect on the stomach?

Answer 16

relaxation

Question 17

Function of the stomachs:

fundus
body
antrum

Answer 17

fundus is for storage

body stores alongs mucus, HCI, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

antrum is for mixing/grinding with G cells releasing gastrin

Question 18

what does gastrin do?

Answer 18

stimulates HCI

increases contraction

Question 19

peristaltic wave contraction in stomach?

Answer 19

body to Antrum

body has think muscle therefor weak with no contracting, antrum has thick muscle and therefor powerful contracting

Question 20

what is chime?

Answer 20

a small amount of gastric content that enters the duodenum

Question 21

peristaltic rhythm

Answer 21

(~3/min) generated by pacemakers cells in slow waves

Question 22

what inhibits motility in duodenum? (4)

Answer 22

fat/AA/acid/hypertonicity

Question 23

what neutralises acid in duodenum?

Answer 23

bicarbonate secretion from Brunners gland duct cells

Question 24

Parts of pancreas? (4)

Answer 24

endocrine portion/exocrine portion/accessory pancreatic duct and sphincter of odd

Question 25

Exocrine pancreas

Answer 25

responsible for digestive function of pancreas

functions to secrete bicarbonate by duct cells and secretion of digestive enzymes by acinar cells

Question 26

digestive enzyme storage?

Answer 26

acinar cells contain digestive enzymes stores as inactive zymogen granules (prevents auto digestion)

Question 27

how does zymogens get active?

Answer 27

enterokinase (brush border) converts trypsinogen to trypsin which converts all zymogens to active form

Question 28

Liver has 2 major and 2 minor lobes?

Answer 28

right and left

caudate and quadrate

Question 29

entry and exit of blood vessels happens where?

Answer 29

Porta on inferior surface

Question 30

portal triad?

Answer 30

hepatic portal vein
hepatic portal artery
hepatic duct

Question 31

function of liver in an alimentary role?

Answer 31

production and secretion of bile

Question 32

six components of bile?

Answer 32

bile acid
bile pigments
bicarbonate
cholesterol
lecithin
toxic metals

Question 33

Bile pigments?

Answer 33

breakdown products of haemoglobin

Question 34

Sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 34

controls the release of bile and pancreatic juices, when contracted bile is forced back into the gallbladder where it is is CONCENTRATED and when fat is present in duodenum releases CCK which relaxes sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder contracts

Question 35

Defecation reflex?

Answer 35

parasympathetic control via pelvic splanchnic nerves