Alimentary System: Pathology of the Oral Cavity Flashcards
What species develop alimentary cancers more frequently?
a.) Dogs and Cats
b.) Pigs
c.) Farm Animals
d.) Horses
a.) dogs and cats
What are farm animals more prone to in terms of their alimentary system?
a.) Neoplasia
b.) Infectious diseases well controlled by vaccines
c.) Infectious diseases not well controlled by vaccines
d.) Internal Displacements
c.) Infectious diseases not well controlled by vaccines
What are horses more prone to in terms of their alimentary system?
a.) Neoplasia
b.)Infectious diseases well controlled by vaccines
c.) Infectious diseases not well controlled by vaccines
d.) Internal Displacements
d.) Internal Displacements
What should the appearance of normal gastrointestinal/ oral mucosa look like?
Smooth and Shiny
What should be considered as a window into the health of the alimentary system?
Quantity and Condition/ quality of feces. It is often an early indicator of alimentary dysfunction, as is regurgitation and vomiting
What are the portals of entry of pathogenic agents to the alimentary system?
Ingestion (most common)
Coughed up by the lungs and swallowed
Systemic hematogenous route
Migration through the body (parasites)
What are the defense mechanisms of the alimentary tract?
Saliva
Resident flora and fauna
Gastric pH
Secreted immunoglobulins
Vomiting
Intestinal proteolytic enzymes
Phagocytes and other effector cells within the mucosa/ submucosa
High rate of epithelial turnover
Increased peristalsis resulting in diarrhea
VIP FIG SHIP
What kind of abnormality is a cleft palate? What is another cause of cleft palate? What animals is it common in? What is a cleft palate?
What is seen in this image?
What is seen in this image?
Cheiloschisis (“harelip”) - calf
What is seen in this image?
Cheiloschisis
What is a malocclusion? What are the kinds of malocclusions? What may be the result of malocclusions?
Failure to the upper and lower
incisors to interdigitate
properly
May result in difficulties in the
prehension and mastication of
food. Weight loss/ lack of weight gain, abnormal bite
- Brachygnathia -> short lower jaw
- Prognathia -> protrusion of lower jaw ( elongated lower jaw)
What is seen in this image? What kind?
Malocclusions
- brachygnathia
What is seen in this image? What kind?
Malocclusion ( Prognathia)
What is inferior brachygnathia? Superior?
Inferior Brachygnathia - Short mandible
Superior Brachygnathia - Short Maxilla
What is responsible for creating dentin? Enamel?
Enamel: Amyeloblasts
Dentin: Odontoblasts
What is dental attrition? What determines it? What is common/ abnormal circumstances?
Dental attrition (loss of tooth structure caused by mastication). The degree of tooth wear depends on the tooth, the animal species and the types of food. Loss of dental function due to normal age- associated wear and tear is common in domestic animals.
What animal is abnormal wear common in? What is it called?
Abnormal wearing is most common in herbivores → results in “step mouth”.
What is seen in this image?
Step Mouth
What is the cause of dental disease? What can occur with severe/ worsening dental disease?
- Bacteria causes dental plaque by forming biofilms on teeth. These remain on teeth and can become mineralized causing calculus. Periodontal disease can occur with severe/ worsening dental disease.
What is periodontal disease?
Periodontal disease
Resident bacterial films and the
acid and enzymes they produce
lead to enamel, gingival and
periodontal ligament damage. Periodontal disease can also result in the loss of teeth due to alveolar bone loss and damage to the ligament.
What is supra gingival plaque? Sub gingival plaque?
Supra: plaque above gumline on crowns.
Subginigval plaque: plaque below gum line, can go onto root and cause periodontal dz
What are the primary diseases of the tongue?
Primary diseases are rare; the exception is
Actinobacillosis (Actinobacillus lignieresii) →chronic
stomatitis – the tongue is often involved:
Causes pyogranulomatous inflammation.
Wooden tongue - primarily in cattle
What is the difference in tissue affected between actinobacillus and actinomyces?
Actinomyces -> hard tissues ( Bone ) affected
Actinobacillus -> Soft tissues ( gums, etc) affected
What is the causes of the changes to this cows tongue?
Chronic pyogranulomatous glossitis, and focal areas of nodular lesions with ulcerations likely caused by A. Lignieresii.
What is seen in this image?
Splendore- Hoeppli phenomenon (antigen antibody complexes) from A. lignieresii
What is the major agent responsible for thrush? What is another name for the condition? Who is usually most affected? What area is mostly affected?
Thrush (Candidiasis)
Candida spp. (eg. C. albicans)
Often is observed young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time, or animals with underlying debilitating diseases
Involves the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral cavity & upper GI tract (including the forestomach of ruminants).
What is seen in this image?
Thrush
What is seen in this image? What is the stain being used?
What are lingual lesions usually a manefestation of?
Lingual lesions are often a manifestation of systemic disease like
renal disease (uremic glossitis), BVD or other viral infections like
FMD (discussed later).
What is seen in this image?
Ulcerative and necrotizing glossitis on ventral aspect of tongue. The fact that this is on ventral aspects of tongue on the edges we must consider uremic glossitis.
What are the etiologies of stomatitis?
Infectious agents
Trauma
Chemical injury
Auto-immune
Idiopathic
CAITI
What is seen in this image? What can cause this? What are clinical signs associated with it?
Lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis, stomatitis –cat
Signs: Anorexia/ decreased appetite, pain, stress, weight loss ptyalism.
Many cats are FeLV or FIV positive. FCV can also be involved. Cats may also develop an immune-mediated response (can be severe) to the bacteria within dental plaques/ tartar.
What are conditions that can increase the incidence of a cat to have lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis?
Many cats are FeLV or FIV positive. FCV can also be involved.
What is seen in this image? What would you see microscopically? What are the clinical signs? What is the typical etiology>
Microscopically: Lymphocytes, plasma cells, indicating virus/ immune reaction.
You see feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) extension of lymphoplasmacytic
Cinical signs: oral pain, dysphagia, ptyalism and weight loss.
Etiology: unclear. Dental plaque, FCV, and immune-mediated mechanisms appear to be involved. FCGS is also common in FIV positive cats
What is seen in this image? What animals is it seen most often in ?
chronic ulcerative (lymphoplasmacytic paradental stomatitis)
Most common in older dogs
What is a vesicle? What should you do if you see one in the oral cavity of dogs & cats? What about in food / large animals?
- Vesicle: a raised lesion (up to 1 cm in the largest dimension) filled with clear (serous) fluid located within the epithelium or between the epithelium and lamina propria). A larger lesion is referred as bulla.
If observed in the oral cavity of dogs & cats: - Rule out immune-mediated diseases (e.g.: bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus
vulgaris, etc.).
In cats they are often the result of calicivirus infection
If observed in food/ large animals: - Rule out major viral diseases which are usually non-fatal but result in hugeeconomic loss.
What is usually the cause of vesicular stomatitis in cats? Food animals? Dogs?
Dogs/ Cats: Immune mediated
Cats: Calicivirus infection
Lg animals/ food animals: Viral infection ( usually epitheliotrophic viruses)
What is the pathogenesis for viral vesicular stomatitis?
Pathogenesis: viral-induced epithelial damage → intracellular edema in keratinocytes (ballooning degeneration) → vesicles→ bulla (large vesicles) → rupture leads to erosion and ulceration.
What is seen in this image?
What is seen in this image? What is the typical cause? What other signs can be seen?
What are the epitheliotrophic viruses? What animals does each effect? What are the viruses that cause it? What is important about these viruses?
What is foot and mouth disease?
Exotic (Foreign) Animal Disease.
Highly contagious with high
morbidity and low mortality.
What is the path of the virus ( Foot in mouth disease) in the body? What are the clinical signs associated with this condition?
Virus ingestion/ inhalation
→pharynx → viremia→ Oral
mucosa & epidermal sites → lesions
develop in areas subjected to mechanical
injury
Clinical signs: drooling saliva
(ptyalism), lameness
What animal is not affected by FMD?
Horses
What extraneous lesions can you see for FMD?
Coronary Band ulcerations.
What is seen in this image?
Patient with foot and mouth disease.
What condition can be responsible for the symptoms seen in these images?
