Alimentary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
vertebral level of the umbilicus
L3/4
The inguinal ligament is attached to which 2 bony points
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
Actions of external and internal obliques
Flexes and rotates trunk
Actions of rectus abdominis
Flexes trunk and controls tilt of pelvis
Innervation of external oblique and rectus abdominis
Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-12
Innervation of internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-L1
Anterior wall of inguinal canal
external oblique aponeurosis
Posterior wall of inguinal canal
Transversalis fascia
Roof of inguinal canal
Aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Floor of inguinal canal
Inguinal ligament
Deep inguinal ring is in the…
Transversalis fascia
Superficial inguinal ring is in the…
External oblique aponeurosis
Parietal peritoneum is innervated by…
T7-L1
Visceral peritoneum is innervated by…
autonomic nerves
Pain is referred to the midline
Contents of the inguinal canal (males)
Spermatic cord
Ilioinguinal nerve
Contents of the inguinal canal (females)
Round ligament of the uterus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Structures that pass through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Oesophagus
vagus nerve
oesophageal branches of left gastric artery + vein
Lymphatic vessels
Retroperitoneal parts of small intestine
Duodenum (apart from duodenal cap)
Intraperitoneal parts of small intestine
Duodenal cap
Jejunum
Ileum
3 thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon
Teniae coli
Pouches of colon btw the taniae
Haustra
Small, fatty appendices of the colon
Omental appendices
Intraperitoneal parts of the colon
Caecum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Retroperitoneal parts of the colon
Ascending colon
Descending colon
McBurney’s point
1/3rd distance from right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus
Most common location of the base of the appendix
Spaces btw the ascending/descending colon and the abdominal wall
Paracolic gutters
Potential sites for pus collection
Which ligament wraps around the porta hepatis?
Hepatoduodenal ligament
part of the lesser omentum
Structures of the portal triad
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct
Calot’s cystohepatic triangle is formed by…
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
Inferior surface of liver
(contains the cystic artery)
The abdomen is divided into 4 quadrants by which 2 lines?
Median line
Trans-umbilical line
The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by which 4 lines?
Right and left midclavicular lines
Subcostal line
Transtubercular line (L5)
Indirect inguinal hernias - abdominal contents pass into the inguinal canal through…
the deep inguinal ring (which has a congenital weakness)
Direct inguinal hernias - abdominal contents pass into the inguinal canal through…
a weak spot in the posterior wall (transversalis fascia) of the inguinal canal
The passage between the greater and lesser sac is called the…
epiploic foramen
Intraperitoneal organs
Stomach Jejunum and ileum Liver Spleen Parts of the colon superior 1/3rd rectum
Attachments of the lesser omentum
Liver to lesser curvature of stomach
Attachments of the greater omentum
Greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
Artery supplying the foregut
Celiac trunk
Artery supplying the midgut
Superior mesenteric artery
Artery supplying the hindgut
Inferior mesenteric artery
3 sources of sympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least)
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexuses
2 sources of parasympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera
Anterior and posterior vagal trunks
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 - 4)
Location of ganglia for sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic - ganglia at target organ
Sympathetic - ganglia in sympathetic chain
The expanded upper part of the ureter is called…
The renal pelvis
The ureter is constricted at 3 locations…
- Junction of the ureter and renal pelvis
- Crossing external iliac vessels
- Traversing the bladder wall
Blood supply and drainage of the oesophagus
Left gastric artery and vein
lymph drainage = left gastric lymph nodes
2 orifices of the stomach
Cardiac orifice
Pyloric orifice
Gastric folds/ rugae are most apparent in which parts of the stomach
Body and antrum
Parts of the stomach
from top to bottom
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
Arterial arcades have multiple loops in the…
Ileum
The vasa recta are longer in the…
Jejunum
Venous drainage of the rectum
Superior, middle and inferior rectal vein
Arterial supply of the rectum
Superior 1/3rd = superior rectal arteries
Inferior 2/3rds = left and right middle rectal arteries
Attachments of the transverse mesocolon
Transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall
Ligament attaching the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
falciform ligament
Ligament that continues from the falciform ligament
Round ligament of the liver (remnant of the umbilical vein)
The horizontal plane at L1 is called…
And how is it located?
The transpyloric plane
Halfway btw the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the superior border of the pubic symphysis
Structures present in the transpyloric plane
Pylorus Pancreas (neck) Gallbladder Spleen 9th costal cartilage
Attachments of the coronary ligament
Liver to inferior surface of diaphragm (Right of falciform ligament)
Attachments of the left triangular ligament
liver to inferior surface of diaphragm (Left of falciform ligament)
4 lobes of the liver
Right
Left
Caudate (anterior)
Quadrate (posterior)
The portal triad consists of the…
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct
The hilum of the liver containing the portal triad is called…
The porta hepatis
The fold of peritoneum around the porta hepatis is called…
The hepatoduodenal ligament
The spleen is related to which ribs (surface markings)
9 - 11
Six components of bile
Bile acids
Lethicin
Cholesterol
Bile pigments (Bilirubin)
Toxic metals (have been detoxified in liver)
Bicarbonate (secreted by duct cells not hepatocytes)
Function of the gall bladder
Absorbs H2O and Na+ to concentrate bile
Function of crypt cells in small intestine
Secrete Cl- ions, H2O follows
Migration Motility Complex (MMC)
A peristaltic wave from antrum to distal ileum
Travel one after the other
Types of gastritis
A - autoimmune
B - bacterial
C - chemical injury
Gastrin is secreted by …. in response to …
G cells
in response to peptides in the stomach lumen
Actions of gastrin
Gastric acid secretion
Histamine secretion
peristalsis
Histamine is secreted by … in response to …
ECL cells
in response to gastrin
Gastric acid is secreted by… in response to …
Parietal cells
in response to gastrin and histamine
Pepsinogen is secreted by … in response to …
chief cells
in response to low pH (<3)
Pepsin is a…
protease
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by … in response to …
K cells
in response to chyme entering the duodenum
action of GIP
Insulin secretion
Secretin is secreted by … in response to …
S cells
in response to chyme entering the duodenum
Actions of secretin
decreased gastric secretion and gastric emptying
HCO3- secretion from Brunner’s glands, pancreas and bile ducts
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by … in response to …
Enteroendocrine cells
in response to chyme entering the duodenum
Actions of CCK
Gallbladder contraction + relaxation of sphincter of oddi
zymogen secretion from pancreas
Conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin
catalysed by brush-border bound enterokinase in the duodenum
Action of trypsin
converts other zymogens to their active forms
The liver develops in the…
Ventral mesogastrium
The spleen develops from the … in the …
Derived from the mesoderm
develops in the dorsal mesogastrium
Development of the pancreas
2 buds grow from the duodenum and fuse as it rotates
Early development of the midgut
Forms the primary intestinal loop
protrudes into the umbilical cord in week 6 (physiological herniation)
Rotates
Retracts in week 10
Incomplete separation of the laryngotracheal tube causes…
Oesophageal atresia/
trachea-oesophageal fistula
If the ventral bud of the pancreas fails to migrate, this may lead to the formation of…
an annular pancreas
may cause duodenal stenosis
Meckel’s diverticulum is formed when…
A small piece of vitelline duct persists
If the lateral folds fail to fuse during embryonic folding and abdominal organs herniate without a peritoneal covering, this is called…
Gastroschisis
If the primary intestinal loop doesn’t retract and abdominal organs herniate with a peritoneal covering, this is called…
Omphalocele
