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x2 - Alimentary > Alimentary Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Alimentary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral level of the umbilicus

A

L3/4

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2
Q

The inguinal ligament is attached to which 2 bony points

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

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3
Q

Actions of external and internal obliques

A

Flexes and rotates trunk

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4
Q

Actions of rectus abdominis

A

Flexes trunk and controls tilt of pelvis

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5
Q

Innervation of external oblique and rectus abdominis

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-12

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6
Q

Innervation of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-L1

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7
Q

Anterior wall of inguinal canal

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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8
Q

Posterior wall of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia

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9
Q

Roof of inguinal canal

A

Aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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10
Q

Floor of inguinal canal

A

Inguinal ligament

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11
Q

Deep inguinal ring is in the…

A

Transversalis fascia

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12
Q

Superficial inguinal ring is in the…

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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13
Q

Parietal peritoneum is innervated by…

A

T7-L1

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14
Q

Visceral peritoneum is innervated by…

A

autonomic nerves

Pain is referred to the midline

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15
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal (males)

A

Spermatic cord

Ilioinguinal nerve

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16
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal (females)

A

Round ligament of the uterus

Ilioinguinal nerve

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17
Q

Structures that pass through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

A

Oesophagus
vagus nerve
oesophageal branches of left gastric artery + vein
Lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Retroperitoneal parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum (apart from duodenal cap)

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19
Q

Intraperitoneal parts of small intestine

A

Duodenal cap
Jejunum
Ileum

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20
Q

3 thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon

A

Teniae coli

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21
Q

Pouches of colon btw the taniae

A

Haustra

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22
Q

Small, fatty appendices of the colon

A

Omental appendices

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23
Q

Intraperitoneal parts of the colon

A

Caecum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon

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24
Q

Retroperitoneal parts of the colon

A

Ascending colon

Descending colon

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25
Q

McBurney’s point

A

1/3rd distance from right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

Most common location of the base of the appendix

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26
Q

Spaces btw the ascending/descending colon and the abdominal wall

A

Paracolic gutters

Potential sites for pus collection

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27
Q

Which ligament wraps around the porta hepatis?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

part of the lesser omentum

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28
Q

Structures of the portal triad

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct

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29
Q

Calot’s cystohepatic triangle is formed by…

A

Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
Inferior surface of liver

(contains the cystic artery)

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30
Q

The abdomen is divided into 4 quadrants by which 2 lines?

A

Median line

Trans-umbilical line

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31
Q

The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by which 4 lines?

A

Right and left midclavicular lines
Subcostal line
Transtubercular line (L5)

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32
Q

Indirect inguinal hernias - abdominal contents pass into the inguinal canal through…

A

the deep inguinal ring (which has a congenital weakness)

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33
Q

Direct inguinal hernias - abdominal contents pass into the inguinal canal through…

A

a weak spot in the posterior wall (transversalis fascia) of the inguinal canal

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34
Q

The passage between the greater and lesser sac is called the…

A

epiploic foramen

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35
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A 
Stomach
Jejunum and ileum
Liver
Spleen 
Parts of the colon
superior 1/3rd rectum
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36
Q

Attachments of the lesser omentum

A

Liver to lesser curvature of stomach

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37
Q

Attachments of the greater omentum

A

Greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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38
Q

Artery supplying the foregut

A

Celiac trunk

39
Q

Artery supplying the midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

40
Q

Artery supplying the hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

41
Q

3 sources of sympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least)
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexuses

42
Q

2 sources of parasympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera

A

Anterior and posterior vagal trunks

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 - 4)

43
Q

Location of ganglia for sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nerves

A

Parasympathetic - ganglia at target organ

Sympathetic - ganglia in sympathetic chain

44
Q

The expanded upper part of the ureter is called…

A

The renal pelvis

45
Q

The ureter is constricted at 3 locations…

A
  1. Junction of the ureter and renal pelvis
  2. Crossing external iliac vessels
  3. Traversing the bladder wall
46
Q

Blood supply and drainage of the oesophagus

A

Left gastric artery and vein

lymph drainage = left gastric lymph nodes

47
Q

2 orifices of the stomach

A

Cardiac orifice

Pyloric orifice

48
Q

Gastric folds/ rugae are most apparent in which parts of the stomach

A

Body and antrum

49
Q

Parts of the stomach

from top to bottom

A

Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus

50
Q

Arterial arcades have multiple loops in the…

A

Ileum

51
Q

The vasa recta are longer in the…

A

Jejunum

52
Q

Venous drainage of the rectum

A

Superior, middle and inferior rectal vein

53
Q

Arterial supply of the rectum

A

Superior 1/3rd = superior rectal arteries

Inferior 2/3rds = left and right middle rectal arteries

54
Q

Attachments of the transverse mesocolon

A

Transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall

55
Q

Ligament attaching the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

56
Q

Ligament that continues from the falciform ligament

A

Round ligament of the liver (remnant of the umbilical vein)

57
Q

The horizontal plane at L1 is called…

And how is it located?

A

The transpyloric plane

Halfway btw the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the superior border of the pubic symphysis

58
Q

Structures present in the transpyloric plane

A 
Pylorus
Pancreas (neck)
Gallbladder
Spleen
9th costal cartilage
59
Q

Attachments of the coronary ligament

A

Liver to inferior surface of diaphragm (Right of falciform ligament)

60
Q

Attachments of the left triangular ligament

A

liver to inferior surface of diaphragm (Left of falciform ligament)

61
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A

Right
Left
Caudate (anterior)
Quadrate (posterior)

62
Q

The portal triad consists of the…

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct

63
Q

The hilum of the liver containing the portal triad is called…

A

The porta hepatis

64
Q

The fold of peritoneum around the porta hepatis is called…

A

The hepatoduodenal ligament

65
Q

The spleen is related to which ribs (surface markings)

A

9 - 11

66
Q

Six components of bile

A

Bile acids
Lethicin
Cholesterol

Bile pigments (Bilirubin)

Toxic metals (have been detoxified in liver)

Bicarbonate (secreted by duct cells not hepatocytes)

67
Q

Function of the gall bladder

A

Absorbs H2O and Na+ to concentrate bile

68
Q

Function of crypt cells in small intestine

A

Secrete Cl- ions, H2O follows

69
Q

Migration Motility Complex (MMC)

A

A peristaltic wave from antrum to distal ileum

Travel one after the other

70
Q

Types of gastritis

A

A - autoimmune
B - bacterial
C - chemical injury

71
Q

Gastrin is secreted by …. in response to …

A

G cells

in response to peptides in the stomach lumen

72
Q

Actions of gastrin

A

Gastric acid secretion
Histamine secretion
peristalsis

73
Q

Histamine is secreted by … in response to …

A

ECL cells

in response to gastrin

74
Q

Gastric acid is secreted by… in response to …

A

Parietal cells

in response to gastrin and histamine

75
Q

Pepsinogen is secreted by … in response to …

A

chief cells

in response to low pH (<3)

76
Q

Pepsin is a…

A

protease

77
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by … in response to …

A

K cells

in response to chyme entering the duodenum

78
Q

action of GIP

A

Insulin secretion

79
Q

Secretin is secreted by … in response to …

A

S cells

in response to chyme entering the duodenum

80
Q

Actions of secretin

A

decreased gastric secretion and gastric emptying

HCO3- secretion from Brunner’s glands, pancreas and bile ducts

81
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by … in response to …

A

Enteroendocrine cells

in response to chyme entering the duodenum

82
Q

Actions of CCK

A

Gallbladder contraction + relaxation of sphincter of oddi

zymogen secretion from pancreas

83
Q

Conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin

A

catalysed by brush-border bound enterokinase in the duodenum

84
Q

Action of trypsin

A

converts other zymogens to their active forms

85
Q

The liver develops in the…

A

Ventral mesogastrium

86
Q

The spleen develops from the … in the …

A

Derived from the mesoderm

develops in the dorsal mesogastrium

87
Q

Development of the pancreas

A

2 buds grow from the duodenum and fuse as it rotates

88
Q

Early development of the midgut

A

Forms the primary intestinal loop
protrudes into the umbilical cord in week 6 (physiological herniation)
Rotates
Retracts in week 10

89
Q

Incomplete separation of the laryngotracheal tube causes…

A

Oesophageal atresia/

trachea-oesophageal fistula

90
Q

If the ventral bud of the pancreas fails to migrate, this may lead to the formation of…

A

an annular pancreas

may cause duodenal stenosis

91
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum is formed when…

A

A small piece of vitelline duct persists

92
Q

If the lateral folds fail to fuse during embryonic folding and abdominal organs herniate without a peritoneal covering, this is called…

A

Gastroschisis

93
Q

If the primary intestinal loop doesn’t retract and abdominal organs herniate with a peritoneal covering, this is called…

A

Omphalocele

x2 - Alimentary (2 decks)

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