Alicias Stats HW Deck

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

the study of variability

Question 2

Variability

Answer 2

Differences/how things differ. There is variability in the way we look and act. Even having different preferences. Statisticians look at these differences.

Question 3

2 Branches of Stats

Answer 3

Inferential and Descriptive

Question 4

Descriptive stats

Answer 4

the discussion of stats gathered (getting mean/median/mode) or in other words the numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

Question 5

Inferential stats

Answer 5

Taking a data sample and making an inference or to draw conclusions about larger populations from small samples of data.

Question 6

Compare descriptive and inferential

Answer 6

Descriptive explains the data that you have.

Inference uses that data you have to try to say something about an entire population.

Question 7

Data

Answer 7

Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations. Any collected information. Generally each little measurement… Like, if it is a survey about liking porridge… the data might be “yes, yes, no, yes, yes” if it is the number of saltines someone can eat in 30 seconds, the data might be “3, 1, 2, 1, 4,3 , 3, 4”

Question 8

Population

Answer 8

The group you’re interested in. Sometimes it’s big, like “all teenagers in the US” other times it is small, like “all AP Stats students in my school”

Question 9

Sample

Answer 9

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen to be representative of the whole. A subset of a population, often taken to make inferences about the population. We calculate statistics from samples.

Question 10

Population and sample

Answer 10

Entire group v. Small part of the population (Whole v. Part) Populations are generally large, and samples are small subsets of these populations. We take samples to make inferences about populations. We use statistics to estimate parameters.

Question 11

Data and Statistics

Answer 11

Data is each little bit of information collected from the subjects. They are the INDIVIDUAL little things we collect… we summarize them by, for example, finding the mean of a group of data.
If it is a sample, then we call that means a “statistic” if we have data from each member of the population, then that means is called a “parameter”

Question 12

Data and Parameters

Answer 12

Data is each little bit of information collected from the subjects… They are the INDIVIDUAL little things we collect… for example, finding the mean of a group of data. If it is a sample, then we call that mean a “statistic” if we have data from each member of the population, then that mean is called a “parameter”

Question 13

Parameter

Answer 13

Numerical summary of a population. Like a mean, median, range etc…of a population

Question 14

Statistic

Answer 14

Numerical summary of a sample. Like a mean, median, range etc…of a sample.

Question 15

Compare DATA, STATISTIC, PARAMETER using categorical example

Answer 15

Data are individual measures… like meal preference: “taco, taco, pasta, taco, burger, burger, taco”… Statistics and Parameters are summaries. A statistic would be “42% of sample preferred tacos” and a parameter would be “42% of population preferred tacos.”

Question 16

Census

Answer 16

A sample of the entire population, you get information from every member of the population. Used for small populations (like Dr. Handrans students) but impossible if you want to survey “all US teens”

Question 17

Compare Parameters and Statistics

Answer 17

BOTH ARE A SINGLE NUMBER SUMMARIZING A LARGER GROUP OF NUMBERS.
parameters come from population,
statistics come from statistics.

Question 18

If I take a random sample of 20 hamburgers from FIVE GUYS and count the number of pickles on a bunch of them… and one of them had 9 pickles, then the number 9 from that burger would be called ____?

Answer 18

a datum, or a data value.

Question 19

If I take a random sample 20 hamburgers from FIVE GUYS and count the number of pickles on a bunch of them… and the average number of pickles was 9.5, then 9.5 is considered a _______?

Answer 19

statistic. (is a summary of a sample.)

Question 20

If I take a random sample of 20 hamburgers from FIVE GUYS and count the number of pickles on a bunch of them… and I do this because I want to know the true average number of pickles on a burger at FIVE GUYS, the true average number of pickles is considered a ______?

Answer 20

parameter, a one number summary of the population. The truth. AKA the parameter of interest.

Question 21

Compare sample and census

Answer 21

With a sample, you get information from a small part of the population. In a census, you get info from the entire population. You can get a parameter from a census, but only a statistic from a sample.

Question 22

If you are tasting soup. Then the flavor of each individual thing in the spoon is the ________, the entire spoon is a ______. The flavor of all of that stuff together is like the _____ and you use that to __________ about the flavor of the entire pot of soup, which would be the__________.

Answer 22

If you are tasting soup. Then the flavor of each individual thing in the spoon is DATA, the entire spoon is a SAMPLE. The flavor of all of that stuff together is like the STATISTIC, and you use that to MAKE AN INFERENCE about the flavor of the entire pot of soup, which would be the PARAMETER. Notice you are interested in the parameter, to begin with… that is why you took a sample.

Question 23

Random Variables

Answer 23

If you randomly choose people from a list, then their hair color, height, weight and any other data collected from them can be considered random variables.

Question 24

Compare Quantitative and Categorical VARIABLES

Answer 24

Quantitative variables are numerical measures, like height and IQ. Categorical are categories, like eye color and music preference

Question 25

Compare Quantitative and Categorical DATA

Answer 25

The data is the actual gathered measurements. So, if it is eye color, then the data would look like this “blue, brown, brown, brown, blue, green, blue, brown… etc.” The data from categorical variables are usually words, often it is simply “YES, YES, YES, NO, YES, NO” If it was weight, then the data would be quantitative like “125, 155, 223, 178, 222, etc..” The data from quantitative variables are numbers.

Question 26

Compare Discrete and Continuous Variables

Answer 26

Discrete can be counted, like “number of cars sold” they are generally integers (you wouldn’t sell 9.3 cars), while continuous would be something like weight of a mouse… 4.344 oz.

Question 27

Quantitative VARIABLES

Answer 27

Quantitative variables are numeric like height, age, number of cars sold, SAT score

Question 28

Categorical/Qualitative variables

Answer 28

Qualitative variables are like categories: Blonde, Listens to Hip Hop, Female, yes, no… etc.

Question 29

What do we sometimes call a categorical variable?

Answer 29

Qualitative

Question 30

Quantitative DATA

Answer 30

The actual numbers gathered from each subject. 211 pounds. 67 beats per minute.

Question 31

Categorical DATA

Answer 31

The actual individual category from a subject, like “blue” or “female” or “sophomore”

Question 32

Random Sample

Answer 32

When you choose a sample by rolling dice, choosing names from a hat, or other REAL RANDOMLY generated samples

Question 33

Frequency

Answer 33

How often something comes up

Question 34

Data or Datum?

Answer 34

Datum is singular. Like “hey dude, come see this datum I got from this rat!” data is the plural.. “hey look at all that data Edgar got from those chipmunks over there!!”

Question 35

A Frequency Distribution

Answer 35

A table, or a chart, that shows how often certain values or categories occur in a data set.

Question 36

Relative Frequency

Answer 36

The PERCENT of time something comes up (frequency/total)

Question 37

Cumulative Frequency

Answer 37

ADD up the frequencies as you go.
Suppose you are selling 25 pieces of candy. You sell 10 the first hour, 5 the second, 3 the third and 7 in the last hour, the cumulative frequency would be 10, 15, 18, 25

Question 38

Compare a bar chart and histogram

Answer 38

bar charts are for categorical data (bars don’t touch) and histograms are for quantitative data (bars touch)

Question 39

Mean

Answer 39

the old average we used to calculate. It is the balancing point of the histogram

Question 40

Compare population mean and a sample mean

Answer 40

population mean is the mean of a population, it is a parameter, sample mean is a mean of a sample, so it is a statistic. We use sample statistics to make inferences about population parameters.

Question 41

Symbols for a population mean and a sample mean

Answer 41

Mu for a population mean (parameter), x-bar for sample mean (statistic)

Question 42

How can you think about the mean and median to remember the difference when looking at a histogram?

Answer 42

mean is the balancing point of a histogram, the median splits the area of the histogram in half.

Question 43

Median

Answer 43

the middlest number, it splits the area in half

Question 44

Mode

Answer 44

the most common, or the peaks of a histogram. We often use mode with categorical data

Question 45

When we say “the average teenager” are we talking about mean, median or mode?

Answer 45

If we are talking height, it might be the mean.
If we are talking about parental income, we’d probably use the median.
If we were talking about music preference, we’d probably use the mode to talk about the average teenager.

Question 46

How are mean, median and mode positioned in a skewed LEFT histogram?

Answer 46

goes in that order from left to right. Mean-median-mode

Question 47

How are mean, median and mode positioned in a skewed RIGHT histogram?

Answer 47

goes in the opposite order. Mode-median-mean

Question 48

Compare DATA, STATISTIC, PARAMETER using quantitative example

Answer 48

Data are individual measures, like how long a person can hold their breath: “45 sec, 64 sec, 32 sec, 68 sec.” That is the raw data. Statistics and parameters are
summaries like “the average breath holding time in the sample was 52.4 seconds” and a parameter would be “the average breath holding time in the population was
52.4 seconds”

Question 49

Use the following words in one sentence: population, parameter, census, sample, data, statistics, inference, the population of interest.

Answer 49

I was curious about a population parameter, but a census was too costly so I decided to choose a sample, collect some data, calculate a statistic and use that statistic to make an inference about the population parameter (aka the parameter of interest)

Question 50

Make a guess as to what relative

cumulative frequency is…

Answer 50

It is the ADDED up PERCENTAGES… An example is selling candy, 25 pieces sold overall…, with 10 the first hour, 5 the second, 3 the third, and 7 the fourth hour, we’d take the cumulative frequencies, 10, 15, 18 and 25 and divide by the total giving cumulative percentages… .40, .60, .64, and 1.00. Relative cumulative frequencies always end at 100 percent.

Question 51

What is a clear example of where the

mean would change but median wouldn’t? (this would show its resilience)

Answer 51

Imagine if we asked eight people how much money they had in their wallets. We found they had {1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 8, 8, 9}. The mean of this set is 5, and the median is also 5. You might say “the average person in this group had 5 bucks.” But imagine if one of them just got back from the casino, and instead, it was (1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 8, 8, 9000}, in this case, the median would still be 5, but the mean goes up to over 1000. Which number better describes the amount of money the average person in the group carries, 5 bucks, or 1000 bucks? I think 5 is a better description of the average person in this group and the 9000 is simply an outlier.

Question 52

Who chases the tail?

Answer 52

The mean chases the tail, the mean chases the tail, high-ho the derry-oh the mean chases the tail… and outliers…….

Question 53

Is there a way to study these
efficiently instead of just rereading
them?

Answer 53

YES.. Go to APSTATSGUY.COM and click on the SUMMER VOCAB FLASHCARDS link.
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