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Bpk 142 Final Lab Exam > Ali > Flashcards

Ali Flashcards

1
Q

Define a ‘cranial nerve’.

A

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, primarily responsible for sensory and motor functions in the head and neck.

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2
Q

How are cranial nerves named and numbered?

A

Cranial nerves are named based on their function or distribution and are numbered I through XII in the order they emerge from the brain.

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3
Q

Draw the reflex arc for the patellar tendon tap.

A

The reflex arc includes the sensory neuron, spinal cord integration, and motor neuron leading to muscle contraction.

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4
Q

What role does the muscle spindle play in the knee jerk reflex?

A

The muscle spindle detects stretch in the muscle, initiating the reflex arc that causes the knee jerk response.

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5
Q

Distinguish between the direct light reflex and the consensual light reflex.

A

The direct light reflex is the constriction of the pupil in response to light in that eye, while the consensual light reflex is the constriction of the opposite pupil.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the direct and consensual light reflexes?

A

These reflexes help regulate the amount of light entering the eye and protect the retina from excessive illumination.

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7
Q

Why would an injury to a peripheral nerve cause loss of both sensory and motor functions?

A

Peripheral nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers; injury disrupts signals in both pathways, leading to loss of sensation and movement.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: An injury to a peripheral nerve can lead to loss of both _______ and _______ functions.

A

sensory, motor

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9
Q

What conclusions can you draw regarding the importance of knowledge of results for learning?

A

Knowledge of results enhances learning by providing feedback on performance, allowing for adjustments and improvements.

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10
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas?

A

The pressure that a gas would exert if it occupied the entire volume by itself

It is a key concept in understanding gas mixtures and behaviors in different conditions.

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11
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid form

It indicates how readily a substance will evaporate.

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12
Q

List three criteria to determine if a subject has reached VO2 max during a maximum oxygen uptake test.

A
  • Plateau in oxygen uptake despite increasing exercise intensity
  • Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) greater than 1.1
  • Heart rate within 10 beats of age-predicted maximum
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13
Q

Describe the shape of a typical graph of VO2 versus power output.

A

A linear increase in VO2 with increasing power output until reaching a plateau

This reflects the body’s increasing demand for oxygen as exercise intensity rises.

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14
Q

Describe the shape of a typical graph of heart rate versus VO2.

A

A linear relationship where heart rate increases with VO2 uptake

This indicates that heart rate is directly proportional to the oxygen demand during exercise.

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15
Q

Is it more appropriate to express VO2 max in liters per minute or milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute?

A

Milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute

This allows for a more accurate comparison of aerobic capacity across individuals of different sizes.

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16
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between spinal nerves and vertebrae?

A

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 24 vertebrae

The spinal nerves exit the spinal column through intervertebral foramina.

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17
Q

Describe the location of the spinal cord.

A

The spinal cord runs within the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the lower back

It is protected by the vertebrae and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

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18
Q

What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

Regions of the spinal cord that are wider due to the presence of more nerve cell bodies

They correspond to the areas that innervate the arms (cervical) and legs (lumbar).

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19
Q

What effects would you expect from an injury that severs the spinal cord at the fifth cervical vertebra?

A

Loss of motor and sensory function below the injury site, potentially leading to quadriplegia

The higher the injury on the spinal cord, the greater the loss of function.

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20
Q

What muscle groups are innervated by the somatic nerves listed on page 20-4?

A

Various muscle groups depending on the specific nerve

Each somatic nerve is responsible for innervating specific muscles in the body.

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21
Q

What are three characteristics of a scholarly article?

A
  1. Peer-reviewed
  2. Cites sources
  3. Presents original research or reviews
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22
Q

Define peer-reviewed journal.

A

A journal that publishes articles reviewed by experts in the field before publication.

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23
Q

Define serials.

A

Publications issued in successive parts, often on a regular schedule.

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24
Q

Define research articles.

A

Articles that report on original research findings.

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25
Q

Define review articles.

A

Articles that summarize and synthesize existing research on a topic.

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26
Q

Define open-access journals.

A

Journals that provide free access to their articles for readers.

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27
Q

Define scientific method.

A

A systematic approach to research that involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion.

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28
Q

Define control group.

A

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used as a benchmark.

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29
Q

Define double-blind experiment.

A

An experiment where neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment.

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30
Q

List three red flags that indicate skepticism towards online information.

A
  1. Lack of citations
  2. Emotional language
  3. Unverified claims
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31
Q

Explain the difference between an experimental study and an epidemiological study.

A

Experimental study involves manipulation of variables; epidemiological study observes populations and correlations.

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32
Q

How can you tell the difference between a scientific journal and a popular magazine?

A

Scientific journals have peer-reviewed articles; popular magazines focus on general interest and may lack rigorous review.

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33
Q

What are three basic questions to evaluate the reliability of a web resource?

A
  1. Who is the author?
  2. What is the purpose of the website?
  3. Is the information up-to-date?
34
Q

What equipment is needed for testing maximum oxygen consumption?

A
  1. Treadmill or ergometer
  2. Gas analyzer
  3. Heart rate monitor
  4. Stopwatch
  5. Barometer
35
Q

What is the purpose of measuring barometric pressure and gas temperature in maximum oxygen uptake tests?

A

To ensure accurate calculations of gas volumes and oxygen consumption.

36
Q

How would blood pressure readings differ if measured at the calf versus the upper arm?

A

Blood pressure readings at the calf are expected to be different than those at the upper arm due to hydrostatic pressure differences

Blood pressure is affected by the height of the measurement site relative to the heart.

37
Q

List four sources of error when recording blood pressure from an exercising subject.

A
  • Inadequate rest before measurement
  • Improper cuff size
  • Movement during measurement
  • Environmental factors affecting readings

These factors can lead to inaccurate blood pressure readings during exercise.

38
Q

Explain the physiological changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with increasing exercise intensity.

A

Systolic blood pressure increases, while diastolic blood pressure remains relatively stable or may slightly decrease

This reflects the heart’s increased workload and vascular response to exercise.

39
Q

What are three assumptions made in procedures using submaximum exercise heart rates to predict VO2 max?

A
  • Linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption
  • Steady-state heart rate is achieved
  • Similar efficiency across individuals

These assumptions are critical for accurate VO2 max predictions.

40
Q

Why is an age correction factor used in the Astrand-Rhyming Test for predicting VO2 max?

A

To account for the natural decline in aerobic capacity with age

This helps in making accurate predictions across different age groups.

41
Q

How would the predicted VO2 max of a 40-year-old subject be affected if the age correction factor was not used?

A

The predicted VO2 max would likely be overestimated

Without accounting for age, predictions do not reflect the individual’s true aerobic capacity.

42
Q

Does a heart rate of 122 bpm in a well-conditioned individual mean their cardiac output is one-third higher than a poorly conditioned subject with 164 bpm?

A

No, heart rate alone does not directly equate to cardiac output; other factors like stroke volume must be considered

Cardiac output is a product of heart rate and stroke volume.

43
Q

What effect would measuring heart rate 20-30 seconds after exercise cessation have on estimating VO2 max?

A

It would likely underestimate the subject’s aerobic fitness level

Heart rate recovery can be slow, and immediate post-exercise rates are more indicative of fitness.

44
Q

Which cycle ergometer test is considered better for predicting VO2 max: the Astrand Test or the YMCA Test?

A

This is subjective; explanations can vary based on individual fitness levels and testing protocols

Both tests have their strengths depending on the context and population being tested.

45
Q

What anatomical structures should you identify in the BPK 142 Laboratory Manual?

A

The anatomical structures listed on pages 16-1 and 16-2

Refer to the BPK 142 Laboratory Manual for specific structures.

46
Q

Define ‘atria’ and ‘ventricles’.

A

‘Atria’ are the upper chambers of the heart; ‘ventricles’ are the lower chambers of the heart.

47
Q

Which vessels enter or exit the atria?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava enter the right atrium; the pulmonary veins enter the left atrium. The pulmonary arteries exit the right ventricle; the aorta exits the left ventricle.

48
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the aortic arch to the right ankle and back to the heart.

A

Aortic arch → systemic arteries → right ankle → systemic veins → inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle.

49
Q

What should you do after vigorous exercise instead of stopping abruptly?

A

Engage in a cool-down period.

50
Q

Describe the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity.

A

The heart is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs.

51
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more force.

52
Q

Why are the heart valves important?

A

They prevent the backflow of blood.

53
Q

Can the heart function with leaky valves?

A

Yes, but it can lead to inefficient blood flow and strain on the heart.

54
Q

Why are artery walls thicker than those of corresponding veins?

A

Arteries need to withstand higher pressure from the heart’s pumping.

55
Q

What is the procedure for measuring blood pressure?

A

Inflate cuff → listen for Korotkoff sounds at the brachial artery → deflate cuff slowly.

56
Q

Why can’t you hear Korotkoff sounds before the cuff is inflated?

A

The artery is not compressed, so blood flows freely without turbulence.

57
Q

What is the primary function of the nasal passages?

A

Air passage and filtration

Nasal passages filter, warm, and humidify incoming air.

58
Q

What structure connects the throat to the lungs?

A

Trachea

The trachea is a tube that allows air to pass from the larynx to the bronchi.

59
Q

What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?

A

Voice production and air passage

The larynx contains vocal cords and is involved in sound production.

60
Q

What are the main branches of the trachea called?

A

Bronchi

The bronchi lead air from the trachea into each lung.

61
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli

Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

62
Q

What muscle is primarily responsible for breathing?

A

Diaphragm muscle

The diaphragm contracts and relaxes to facilitate inhalation and exhalation.

63
Q

What muscles assist with breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage?

A

Intercostal muscles

The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and help with lung expansion.

64
Q

What is the outer membrane surrounding the lungs called?

A

Pleura

The pleura consists of two layers that provide a frictionless surface for lung movement.

65
Q

What structure connects the alveoli to the bronchioles?

A

Alveolar duct

Alveolar ducts lead directly to clusters of alveoli.

66
Q

What are the smallest air passages in the lungs called?

A

Bronchioles

Bronchioles branch from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli.

67
Q

What vessels carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary arteries transport blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

68
Q

What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

69
Q

What are the tiny blood vessels surrounding the alveoli called?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

Pulmonary capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases between blood and alveoli.

70
Q

What is the function of the respiratory bronchiole?

A

Conduct air and participate in gas exchange

Respiratory bronchioles are the transitional passages leading to alveoli.

71
Q

What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles, right and left

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps it to the body.

72
Q

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria, right and left

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

73
Q

What is the function of the aortic valve?

A

Prevent backflow of blood into the heart

The aortic valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.

74
Q

What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

The tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

75
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

Mitral valve

The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

76
Q

What are the major vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

The pulmonary arteries branch from the right ventricle to transport blood to the lungs.

77
Q

What are the major vessels that return blood to the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

78
Q

What large veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper and lower body?

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

The superior vena cava drains blood from the upper body, while the inferior vena cava drains blood from the lower body.

79
Q

What is the curvature of the main artery that branches off the heart called?

A

Aortic arch

The aortic arch gives rise to major arteries supplying blood to the head and arms.

80
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle itself?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

These arteries branch from the aorta and supply blood to the heart muscle.

Bpk 142 Final Lab Exam (1 decks)

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