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Chemistry & Physics > Algebra & Biostatistics > Flashcards

Algebra & Biostatistics Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

How close the average of measured values are to the true value.

  • improved by making replicate measurements & taking the average
  • assessed by calculating the percent error
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2
Q

Precision

A

How close measured values are to each other. “ Agreement b/w replicate measures”

  • improved by careful lab technique &/or using instruments capable of yielding greater precision I.e. More significant figures
  • standard deviation is a measure of precision
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3
Q

Peta

A

P

10^15

1E+15

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4
Q

Tera

A

T

10^12

1E+12

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5
Q

Giga

A

G

10^9

1E+09

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6
Q

Mega

A

M

10^6

1,000,000

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7
Q

Kilo

A

k

10^3

1,000

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8
Q

Hecto

A

h

10^2

100

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9
Q

Deca

A

da

10^1

10

Ten

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10
Q

Deci

A

d

10^-1

0.1

Tenth

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11
Q

Centi

A

c

10^-2

0.01

Hundredth

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12
Q

Milli

A

m

10^-3

0.001

Thousandth

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13
Q

Micro

A

u

10^-6

0.0000001

Millionth

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14
Q

Nano

A

n

10^-9

1E-09

Billionth

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15
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Used to draw conclusions about the data

Trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone

Are the two groups different?

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16
Q

Categorical Variables

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Dichotomous
17
Q

Continuous Variables

A
  • Interval

- Ratio

18
Q

Nominal Variables

A
  • no intrinsic order
  • example: color of shirts.
  • No mean or median, but can have a mode.
19
Q

Ordinal Variables

A
  • Have order
  • example: scale of 1-5 on how much you like tofu
  • has a median and a mode, may have a mean
20
Q

Dichotomous Variables

A
  • only has 2 values

- example: male or female

21
Q

Interval Variables

A
  • numerical value & is measured.
  • example: age, height, temperature, years of nursing
  • has a mean, median and mode
22
Q

Ratio Variables

A
  • like interval, but value of 0 indicates there is nothing
  • can’t go below zero
  • example: age, years of nursing, height
  • has a mean, median and mode
23
Q

Clinical Trial

A

Experimental study in which the exposure status (assigned to active drug vs. placebo) is determined by the investigator

24
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial

A

A special type of clinical trial in which assignment to an exposure is determined purely by chance

25
Q

Cohort Study

A

Observational study in which subjects with an exposure of interest (i.e. Hypertension) and subject without the exposure are identified and then followed forward in time to determine outcomes

PRO- few selectional bias CON- takes a long time

26
Q

Case-Control Study

A

Observational study that first identifies a group of subjects with a certain disease and a control group without the disease, and then looks to be back in time to find exposure to risk factors for the disease. This type of study is well-suited for rare diseases

PRO- results are quick CON- a lot more selectional bias

27
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Observational study that is done to examine presence or absence of a disease or presence or absence of an exposure at a particular time

PRO- large group, quick results CON- unclear if exposure preceded the outcome

28
Q

Bias

A

Any systematic error in the design or conduct of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure’s effect on risk of disease

29
Q

Selectional Bias

A

Bias introduced by the way in which participants are chosen for a study

30
Q

Confounding

A

This occurs when an investigator falsely concludes that a particular exposure is casually related to a disease without adjusting for other factors that are known risk factors for the disease and are associated with the exposure

31
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability of the test to identify correctly those who have the disease. It is the number of subjects with a positive test who have disease divided by all subjects who have the disease.

A test with high sensitivity has few false negative results

32
Q

Specificity

A

The ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease. It is the number of subjects who have a negative test and do not have the disease divided by the number of subjects who do not have the disease.

High specificity has few false positives.

High specificity low sensitivity
Low specificity high sensitivity

Chemistry & Physics (3 decks)

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