Alexander Kaiser

Question 1

Anatomy of eye

outside to in

Answer 1

• Cornea
• Aqueous humor
• Lens
• Vitreous humor
• Retina

Question 2

Cornea

Answer 2

• AVASCULAR
• the primary refractive element of the eye
• basically entirely CT

Question 3

Iris

Answer 3

Controls how much light enters the eye

Only place in the body where CT is exposed (No epithelium)

Question 4

Which is respinsible for contraction

parasympathetic/sympatheitc

Answer 4

circular Iris contraction is parasympathetic

radial muscles of iris contraction sympathetic

Question 5

Hormones secreted by the pituitary is by what mechanism:

Answer 5

Merocrine

Question 6

Andrenal pathway

Answer 6

Hypothalamus secretes: CRH (goes to antieror pituitary)

AP: secretes ACTH (goes to adrenal glands)

Adrenal glands secrete: adrenal corticosteroids:

Question 7

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 7

Decreases urine volume by increasing reabsorption of water by collecting ducts

Question 8

Pituicytes

Answer 8

a type of shwann cell found in the pituitary

Question 9

Adenohypophysis is formed from

Answer 9

Rathke’s pouch and makes the anterior pituitary

Question 10

Layers of the Adrenal gland

Answer 10

Cortex:

• Capsule
• Zona glomerulosa
• Zona fasciuata
• Zona reticularis

Medula

Question 11

Cortisol

Answer 11

suppresses inflammatory responce. increases AA transport and glycogen synthesis

Question 12

Cortisol

Answer 12

Made in the zona glomerulosa

suppresses inflammatory responce. increases AA transport and glycogen synthesis

Question 13

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 13

synthesized by Chromaffin cells in the medula of the adrenal glands. Increace smpathetic functions (increase heart rate but dilates brionchioles)

Question 14

What does the pancreas do

Answer 14

Creates digerstive enzymes and makes peptides (insulin/glucagon)

Question 15

Regulation methods of hormones

Answer 15

Cortisone is a steroid hormone regulated by synthesis. Insulin,epinephrine, and growth hormone are regulated by merocrine secretion, and thyroxine by endocytosis and degradation of thyroglobulin.

Question 16

Macula densa

Answer 16

Monitors NaCl concentrations in the urine and tells JG cells when to secrete renin

Question 17

JG cells

Answer 17

Monitor blood pressure and secrete renin when low

Question 18

Mesangial cells

Answer 18

Restrict macromolecules from hanging out and contract to regulate capillaries

Question 19

Angiotensin 2 pathway

Answer 19

Angitensinogen (made by Liver)

Cut by renin (made by kidney) to make angiotensin 1

which is cut by ACE (made in lungs) to make antitensin 2 which contracts arterioles!!!!

Question 20

Aldosterone vs ADH

Answer 20

Aldosterone stimulates NaCl reabsorption. ADH increases permeability of the collecting tubule to water.

Question 21

Intersitital fibroblasts

Answer 21

secrete erythropoietin in kidneys

Question 22

Sertoli cells

Answer 22

produce fluid for spermatozoa movement,

Use tight junctions to form the blood-testis barrier

carry out phagocytosis

produce inhibin (suppreses FSH)

Question 23

Sperm hormone pathway

Answer 23

FSH makes sertoli cells realease androgen-binding protein which makes permatogenic cells receptice to testosterone that initiales spermatogenesis

Question 24

Testi duct pathway

Answer 24

• Seminiferous tubules
• Tubuli recti
• Rete testis
• Efferent duct
• ## Epididymis

Question 25

Testi duct pathway

Answer 25

• Seminiferous tubules
• Tubuli recti
• Rete testis
• Efferent duct
• Epididymis
• Ductus deferens
• Ejaculatory ducts
• Urethra

Question 26

cremaster muscle

Answer 26

raise and lower nuts

Question 27

germinal epithelium

Answer 27

simple cubodial epithelium

Question 28

Tunica albuginea

Answer 28

connective tissue layer beneath the germinal epithelium

Question 29

Peg cells (found in oviduct are columnar cells)

Answer 29

function to nourish oocyte

Question 30

Type 2 Alveolar cells

Answer 30

Secrete surfactant which lowers alveolar surface tension and participates into foreign body clearance.