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Immunology exam 2 > Alexander Kaiser > Flashcards

Alexander Kaiser Flashcards

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1
Q

Different kinds of B cell activation

A

T-Dependent: 1) TD complex CD40/CD40L 2)Antigen 3)Cytokines

T-Independent (1): a) TI-1 antigen b) TLR

T-Independent (2): a) TI-2 antigen with complement (C3d and CD21) (ITAMs on CD21 Ig-alpha, Ig-beta)

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2
Q

What are the different antibodies

A

IgG : most common Ig in blood (monomer)
IgM : First Ab made during infection (pentamer)
IgA : The major immunoglobulin in external secretions (dimer)
IgD : present in low concentrations, maturation of B cells
IgE : present in low concentrations, regulation of extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

Which Ig’s are most common in primary and secondary humoral response

A 
Primary = IgM (just whatvs) 
Secondary = IgG (the fucking baller)
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4
Q 
IL-1
IL-2
IL-8
TNF-aplha
IFN-gamma 
GM-CSF
A

IL-1: Inflammation and fever
IL-2: T, B cell proliferation
IL-8: Chemokine
TNF-aplha: Inflamation induction

IFN-gamma: Produced by CD4, CD8, NK cells
Regulates growth, activation, and differentiation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells
Up-regulates MHC on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antiviral and anti-proliferative properties

GM-CSF: Stimulates hematopoiesis

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5
Q

Psiorasin / Calprotectin

A

Psiorasin: Anti E. Coli found on skin
Calprotectin: Kills S. Aureus not found on skin

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6
Q

What happens during inflammtion

A

Chemokine generation, Edema, Increased vascular permeability, extravasation, vasodilation

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7
Q

What cells produce PRRs

A

All cell types

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8
Q

Steps in extravasion and their functions *

A

1) Rolling
2) Activation
3) Arrest Adhesion
4) Transendothelila migration

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9
Q

Origin for acute phase response proteins

A

Liver

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10
Q

TlR4 attaches to what pathogen

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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11
Q

What is ROS/RNS and some examples of each.

A

ROS is reactive oxidizindg

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12
Q

What are the functions of Antibodies

A

1) OPSONIZATION (coating on antigen to let everyone know to fuck it up)
2) Neutralizes toxins (antisera)
3) Neutralizes virus ability to infect
4) Activates complement

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13
Q 
Match the antibody with its heavy chain constant region.
IgG
IgM 
IgA 
IgD 
IgE
A 
IgM (μ)
IgD (δ)
IgG (γ)
IgE (ε)
IgA (α)
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14
Q

Which immunoglobin is resposible for allergies

A

IgE becasue when presented to an allergen causes the release of histamines.

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15
Q

Asthma

A

An inflammation of the lungs

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16
Q

Allergy pathway

A

1) Allergen comes into contact with B cell
2) B cell tells plasma cell to make IgE
3 ) IgE binds to mast cell (through FC region receptor on MC) and releases histamine

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17
Q

Autoimmunity diseases:

MS ( multiple sclerosis)
Crohn’s disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes

A

MS (multiple sclerosis): attack on myelin sheaths
Crohn’s disease: attack on intestinal cells
Rheumatoid arthritis: attack on joints
Type 1 diabetes: attack on insulin producing beta cells

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18
Q

Mitogen

A

Agent that induces proliferation

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19
Q 
Match the mitogen with it proper cell
PHA 
ConA 
PWM
LPS
A

PHA : T cells
ConA : T cells
PWM : T/B cells
LPS : B cells

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20
Q

T cell activation

A

1) Lck phosphorilates ITAMs
2) ITAMs create docking sites for LAT
3) Activates phospholipase C
4) PLC causes the release of calcium
5) Ca activates calmodulin
6) Once activated calmodulin interacts with calcineurin
6) Calcineurin DE-phosphorylates NFAT
7) NFAT is a transcription factor

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21
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Inhibits calmodulin

which binds to calcineurin to dephorylate NFAT

22
Q

Anergy

A

preventing a cell from proliferating. Once anergized it will never proliferate properly.

23
Q

Haptin

A

Substance that is antigenic but is not immunologic unless in the presence of a carrier protein.

24
Q

What bonds hold the light and heavy chains together

A

disulfied covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, ionic)

25
Q

Antibody analysis
Pepsin
Papain
Mercaptoethanol

A

Pepsin: Seperated the Fc from the F(ab)2 but they stayed together so antigen recognition and aggregation still possible
Papain: Seperated the Fc and Fab’s from each other can regognize antigen but no aggregation
Mercaptoethanol: Destroyed the disulfied bonds separating the light and heavy strands (2L and 2H)

26
Q

Variability formula

A

of different AA/ Freq of AA

Ex: Analysis of the sequence of 100 heavy chains reveal a serine at position 7 in 51 of the 100 heavy chains analyzed. It would have a frequency of 0.51 and necessarily be the most common amino acid at that position
If in the other 49 heavy chains, position #7 is occupied by G, A, V, or W; 5 total amino acids occupy position 7, giving a variability of 5/0.51 or 9.8.

The larger the number the more the variability

27
Q

Activation of Compliment through Antibodies

A

Activation of complement: Initiated primarily by IgM and IgG → activation of C3b, which binds nonspecifically to cell/antibody complexes near activation site
Macrophages have receptors for C3b leading to increased phagocytosis
RBCs also have C3b receptors - carry antigen/antibody complexes to liver and spleen, where removed by resident macrophages

28
Q

CD11b / CD11c

A

CD11b are common on macrophages

CD11c are common on dendritic cells

29
Q

CD16

A

An Fc receptor for IgG that allows NK cells to undergo antibody dependent cell cytosis

30
Q

Poly-Ig receptor

A

Allows the secetrion of IgA. Is found on the basal side of epithelial cells and becomes a part of IgA once cleaved off of vesicle

31
Q

Cytokine Families

Interleukin 1

Hematopoietin

Interferon

Tumor nercrosis factor

Interleukin 17

Chemokines

A

Interleukin 1: Innate immunue system and deal with inflammation

Hematopoietin: Hematapoisis

Interferon: Interferes with viral replication

Tumor nercrosis factor: Deal with cancer

Interleukin 17: Drive neutrophiles, proinflamatory response, and deal with extracellular pathogens.

Chemokines: Chemoattractants (breadcrumbs)

32
Q

Different kinds of T cells

A

T helper cell

T cytolytic cell

T regulatory cell

33
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Kill pathogens usually through membrane disruption

Main 2: Defensins, and Cathelicidins (psorisan, and calprotectin)
secreted by neutrophils epithelial cells, and the kidney

34
Q

Different kinds of T helper cells

A

Th1: Deals with intracellular pathogens (commonly secretes IFN-gamma)

Th2: Deals with extracellular pathogens (commonly secretes IL-4)

Th17: Deals with extracellular pathogens mostly fungi (commonly secretes IL-17)

Treg: (many different types) Shuts down immune response (commonly secretes IL-10)

35
Q

T cell regulation

A
  • CTLA4 counter CD28 (which is necessary for T cell activation)
  • Apoptosis without continued stimulation
  • Suppressing cytokines
    - IL-10 (suppresses)
    - Tregs
36
Q

What are the three AA’s that are getting phosphorylated

A

Tyrosine, Serine, Threonine

37
Q

T cell activation pathway

A

Lck → ITAM → docking site for Zap70 → phosphorylates LAT → releases intracellular calcium.

Released calcium activates calmodulin which activates calcineurin.

Calcineurin is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the transcription factor NFAT, allowing it to translocate into the nucleus

38
Q

BCR and TCR’s usually bind to

A

BCR: recognizes hydrophilic things (soluable antigens) and can determine both sequentially and conformationally

TCR: recognizes hydrophobic things (nonsoluble antigens) and can only determine sequentially.

39
Q

Antibody-Mediated Effector Functions

A

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC): Induces cell death.

Antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC): Helps NK cells kill things (expresses CD16, Fc-gammaRIII

40
Q

What isotypes are express by B cells
Immature
Mature
Memory

A

Immature B cell (pre-B) express only mIgM
Mature B cells express mIgM and mIgD
Memory B cells can express mIgA, mIgG, or mIgE

41
Q

Antibodies as epitopes

A

Isotype - Different Constant Regions (i.e. heavy/light chain type and sub-type)
Allotype - Different Gene for Same Isotypes (Multiple alleles exist for a gene); Variations of isotypes within species
Idiotype - Different Variable Regions

42
Q

Jak-STAT pathway used for which cytokines

A

IFN-gamma and IL-2

43
Q

C-Reactive Protien

A

Binds to dying cells and some bacteria activates complement

44
Q

Extravasation

A

1) Selectin-Mucin interaction cause rolling (slowing down)
2) Chemokines cause the confoamational change of integrens
3) Integrens bind strongly to ICAMs where they enter

45
Q

Acute phase response proteins

A

Includes: C-reactive proteins, Mannose binding lectin, complement

Upregulated by IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha

46
Q

C-Reactive Protien

A

Binds to dying cells and some bacteria activates complement

Recognizes polysaccharides and phosphorylcholines

47
Q

Different TLRs

A

TLR4- LPS
TLR5- flagella
TLR3,7,8- internal microbial companents
TLR2-peptoglycan

48
Q

Nitric Oxide Formation

A

L-arginine → L-citrulline + Nitric Oxide (NO)

Catalyzed by inducible Nitric Oxide Synthetase (iNOS)

49
Q

Lyn

A

A lipid raft associated tyrosine kinase that initiates the signal cascade in B cells

Lck does the same but in T cells

50
Q

Lyn

A

A lipid raft associated tyrosine kinase that initiates the signal cascade by phosphorylating Ig-alpha/Ig-beta in B cells

Lck does the same but in T cells

51
Q

Describe the three cascade pathways

A

PLC pathway —> Activates NFAT

Ras/MAP —> AP-1

PKC —> NF-kB

B cells use Ig-alpha/Ig-beta
T cells use CD3

52
Q

T cell cascade pathway

A

1) Antigen binds
2) Lck phosphorylates ITAMs
3) ZAP-70 is the phosphorylated
4) LAT is then activated
5) Stuff happens
6) Calcium released

Immunology exam 2 (1 decks)

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