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Alexander Kaiser Flashcards

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1
Q

Different kinds of B cell activation

A

T-Dependent: 1) TD complex CD40/CD40L 2)Antigen 3)Cytokines

T-Independent (1): a) TI-1 antigen b) TLR

T-Independent (2): a) TI-2 antigen with complement (C3d and CD21) (ITAMs on CD21 Ig-alpha, Ig-beta)

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2
Q

What are the different antibodies

A

IgG : most common Ig in blood (monomer)
IgM : First Ab made during infection (pentamer)
IgA : The major immunoglobulin in external secretions (dimer)
IgD : present in low concentrations, maturation of B cells
IgE : present in low concentrations, regulation of extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

Which Ig’s are most common in primary and secondary humoral response

A 
Primary = IgM (just whatvs) 
Secondary = IgG (the fucking baller)
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4
Q 
IL-1
IL-2
IL-8
TNF-aplha
IFN-gamma 
GM-CSF
A

IL-1: Inflammation and fever
IL-2: T, B cell proliferation
IL-8: Chemokine
TNF-aplha: Inflamation induction

IFN-gamma: Produced by CD4, CD8, NK cells
Regulates growth, activation, and differentiation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells
Up-regulates MHC on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antiviral and anti-proliferative properties

GM-CSF: Stimulates hematopoiesis

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5
Q

Psiorasin / Calprotectin

A

Psiorasin: Anti E. Coli found on skin
Calprotectin: Kills S. Aureus not found on skin

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6
Q

What happens during inflammtion

A

Chemokine generation, Edema, Increased vascular permeability, extravasation, vasodilation

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7
Q

What cells produce PRRs

A

All cell types

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8
Q

Steps in extravasion and their functions *

A

1) Rolling
2) Activation
3) Arrest Adhesion
4) Transendothelila migration

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9
Q

Origin for acute phase response proteins

A

Liver

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10
Q

TlR4 attaches to what pathogen

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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11
Q

What is ROS/RNS and some examples of each.

A

ROS is reactive oxidizindg

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12
Q

What are the functions of Antibodies

A

1) OPSONIZATION (coating on antigen to let everyone know to fuck it up)
2) Neutralizes toxins (antisera)
3) Neutralizes virus ability to infect
4) Activates complement

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13
Q 
Match the antibody with its heavy chain constant region.
IgG
IgM 
IgA 
IgD 
IgE
A 
IgM (μ)
IgD (δ)
IgG (γ)
IgE (ε)
IgA (α)
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14
Q

Which immunoglobin is resposible for allergies

A

IgE becasue when presented to an allergen causes the release of histamines.

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15
Q

Asthma

A

An inflammation of the lungs

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16
Q

Allergy pathway

A

1) Allergen comes into contact with B cell
2) B cell tells plasma cell to make IgE
3 ) IgE binds to mast cell (through FC region receptor on MC) and releases histamine

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17
Q

Autoimmunity diseases:

MS ( multiple sclerosis)
Crohn’s disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes

A

MS (multiple sclerosis): attack on myelin sheaths
Crohn’s disease: attack on intestinal cells
Rheumatoid arthritis: attack on joints
Type 1 diabetes: attack on insulin producing beta cells

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18
Q

Mitogen

A

Agent that induces proliferation

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19
Q 
Match the mitogen with it proper cell
PHA 
ConA 
PWM
LPS
A

PHA : T cells
ConA : T cells
PWM : T/B cells
LPS : B cells

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20
Q

T cell activation

A

1) Lck phosphorilates ITAMs
2) ITAMs create docking sites for LAT
3) Activates phospholipase C
4) PLC causes the release of calcium
5) Ca activates calmodulin
6) Once activated calmodulin interacts with calcineurin
6) Calcineurin DE-phosphorylates NFAT
7) NFAT is a transcription factor

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21
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Inhibits calmodulin

which binds to calcineurin to dephorylate NFAT

22
Q

Anergy

A

preventing a cell from proliferating. Once anergized it will never proliferate properly.

23
Q

Haptin

A

Substance that is antigenic but is not immunologic unless in the presence of a carrier protein.

24
Q

What bonds hold the light and heavy chains together

A

disulfied covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, ionic)

25
Antibody analysis Pepsin Papain Mercaptoethanol
Pepsin: Seperated the Fc from the F(ab)2 but they stayed together so antigen recognition and aggregation still possible Papain: Seperated the Fc and Fab's from each other can regognize antigen but no aggregation Mercaptoethanol: Destroyed the disulfied bonds separating the light and heavy strands (2L and 2H)
26
Variability formula
of different AA/ Freq of AA Ex: Analysis of the sequence of 100 heavy chains reveal a serine at position 7 in 51 of the 100 heavy chains analyzed. It would have a frequency of 0.51 and necessarily be the most common amino acid at that position If in the other 49 heavy chains, position #7 is occupied by G, A, V, or W; 5 total amino acids occupy position 7, giving a variability of 5/0.51 or 9.8. The larger the number the more the variability
27
Activation of Compliment through Antibodies
Activation of complement: Initiated primarily by IgM and IgG → activation of C3b, which binds nonspecifically to cell/antibody complexes near activation site Macrophages have receptors for C3b leading to increased phagocytosis RBCs also have C3b receptors - carry antigen/antibody complexes to liver and spleen, where removed by resident macrophages
28
CD11b / CD11c
CD11b are common on macrophages | CD11c are common on dendritic cells
29
CD16
An Fc receptor for IgG that allows NK cells to undergo antibody dependent cell cytosis
30
Poly-Ig receptor
Allows the secetrion of IgA. Is found on the basal side of epithelial cells and becomes a part of IgA once cleaved off of vesicle
31
Cytokine Families Interleukin 1 Hematopoietin Interferon Tumor nercrosis factor Interleukin 17 Chemokines
Interleukin 1: Innate immunue system and deal with inflammation Hematopoietin: Hematapoisis Interferon: Interferes with viral replication Tumor nercrosis factor: Deal with cancer Interleukin 17: Drive neutrophiles, proinflamatory response, and deal with extracellular pathogens. Chemokines: Chemoattractants (breadcrumbs)
32
Different kinds of T cells
T helper cell T cytolytic cell T regulatory cell
33
Antimicrobial peptides
Kill pathogens usually through membrane disruption Main 2: Defensins, and Cathelicidins (psorisan, and calprotectin) secreted by neutrophils epithelial cells, and the kidney
34
Different kinds of T helper cells
Th1: Deals with intracellular pathogens (commonly secretes IFN-gamma) Th2: Deals with extracellular pathogens (commonly secretes IL-4) Th17: Deals with extracellular pathogens mostly fungi (commonly secretes IL-17) Treg: (many different types) Shuts down immune response (commonly secretes IL-10)
35
T cell regulation
- CTLA4 counter CD28 (which is necessary for T cell activation) - Apoptosis without continued stimulation - Suppressing cytokines - IL-10 (suppresses) - Tregs
36
What are the three AA's that are getting phosphorylated
Tyrosine, Serine, Threonine
37
T cell activation pathway
Lck → ITAM → docking site for Zap70 → phosphorylates LAT → releases intracellular calcium. Released calcium activates calmodulin which activates calcineurin. Calcineurin is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the transcription factor NFAT, allowing it to translocate into the nucleus
38
BCR and TCR's usually bind to
BCR: recognizes hydrophilic things (soluable antigens) and can determine both sequentially and conformationally TCR: recognizes hydrophobic things (nonsoluble antigens) and can only determine sequentially.
39
Antibody-Mediated Effector Functions
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC): Induces cell death. Antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC): Helps NK cells kill things (expresses CD16, Fc-gammaRIII
40
What isotypes are express by B cells Immature Mature Memory
Immature B cell (pre-B) express only mIgM Mature B cells express mIgM and mIgD Memory B cells can express mIgA, mIgG, or mIgE
41
Antibodies as epitopes
Isotype - Different Constant Regions (i.e. heavy/light chain type and sub-type) Allotype - Different Gene for Same Isotypes (Multiple alleles exist for a gene); Variations of isotypes within species Idiotype - Different Variable Regions
42
Jak-STAT pathway used for which cytokines
IFN-gamma and IL-2
43
C-Reactive Protien
Binds to dying cells and some bacteria activates complement
44
Extravasation
1) Selectin-Mucin interaction cause rolling (slowing down) 2) Chemokines cause the confoamational change of integrens 3) Integrens bind strongly to ICAMs where they enter
45
Acute phase response proteins
Includes: C-reactive proteins, Mannose binding lectin, complement Upregulated by IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha
46
C-Reactive Protien
Binds to dying cells and some bacteria activates complement Recognizes polysaccharides and phosphorylcholines
47
Different TLRs
TLR4- LPS TLR5- flagella TLR3,7,8- internal microbial companents TLR2-peptoglycan
48
Nitric Oxide Formation
L-arginine → L-citrulline + Nitric Oxide (NO) Catalyzed by inducible Nitric Oxide Synthetase (iNOS)
49
Lyn
A lipid raft associated tyrosine kinase that initiates the signal cascade in B cells Lck does the same but in T cells
50
Lyn
A lipid raft associated tyrosine kinase that initiates the signal cascade by phosphorylating Ig-alpha/Ig-beta in B cells Lck does the same but in T cells
51
Describe the three cascade pathways
PLC pathway ---> Activates NFAT Ras/MAP ---> AP-1 PKC ---> NF-kB B cells use Ig-alpha/Ig-beta T cells use CD3
52
T cell cascade pathway
1) Antigen binds 2) Lck phosphorylates ITAMs 3) ZAP-70 is the phosphorylated 4) LAT is then activated 5) Stuff happens 6) Calcium released

Immunology exam 2 (1 decks)

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