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Russia 1855 -1964 > Alexander III (1881-1994) > Flashcards

Alexander III (1881-1994) Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Alexander’s tutor?

A

Pobedonostev

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2
Q

How did Alexander’s reign begin?

A

With the public hanging of the conspirators involved in his father’s assassination and the 1881 ‘Manifesto of Unshakable Autocracy’

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3
Q

What was the Law on Exceptional Measures issued by Alexander?

A

A statement that declared that, if necessary, a Commander-in-Chief could be appointed to take control of a locality, using military courts.

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4
Q

Created in July 1889, this could override elections to the zemstvo to disregard decisions made

A

‘Land Captain’ appointed by the state

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5
Q

When was the peasants vote reduced in the zemstva?

A

1890

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6
Q

When were the zemstvo’s placed under government control?

A

1890

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7
Q

Who was head of the Police Department between 1881 and 1884?

A

Von Plehve

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8
Q

What statue in 1882 enabled police to search, arrest, imprison or exile any one who had committed a crime or those who it was thought would likely commit a crime?

A

The 1882 Statue on police Surveillance

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9
Q

In 1889 which courts were put under the control of Land Captains in the countryside and under judges in the towns?

A

Volost courts

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10
Q

What was the Education curriculum in universities changed to?

A

Based on ‘religious, moral and patriotic orientation’ rather than academic grounds

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11
Q

In 1897 what % of the population were literate?

A

21%

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12
Q

What did the ‘temporary regulations’ act in 1882 allow?

A

It allowed newspapers to be closed down and a life ban placed on editors and publishers

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13
Q

What were some positive changes under Alexander III?

A
  1. Reduction in redemption payments in 1881
  2. In 1885, the poll tax was abolished and the introduction of inheritance tax helped to shift the burden of taxation a little
  3. Peasant Land Bank introduced in 1883
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14
Q

Who were the two Ministers of Finance during AIII reign?

A

Nikolai Bunge (1881-86) and Vyshnegradsky (1887-1892)

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15
Q

What were the main changes Bunge made to the economy?

A
  1. First income tax
  2. Supported government intervention, railway building and tariff protection
  3. REDUCED REDEMPTION PAYMENTS
  4. Peasant Land Banks in 1883 - helped to buy additional land from the nobility
    However peasants still paid 90% of taxes
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16
Q

What were the main changes Vyshnegradsky made to the economy?

A
  1. High tariff of 30% - to boost home production
  2. Negotiated loans and increased indirect taxes
  3. Grain exports increased by 18%
    however this caused a widespread Great Famine from 1891-92
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17
Q

When were the Peasant Land Banks introduced?

A

1883

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18
Q

When were the Nobles Land Banks introduced?

A

1885

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19
Q

What year was the Russian Budget in surplus?

A

1892

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20
Q

What % did grain exports increase?

A

18%

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21
Q

The Secret Police

A

The Gestapo

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22
Q

Forcing everyone within the Russian Empire to think of themselves as ‘Russian’, by enforcing the Russian language and culture

A

Russification

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23
Q

Being prejudiced against and persecuting Jews

A

Anti-Semitism

24
Q

An old Russian word which means ‘round up’ or lynching

A

Pogrom

25
Q

What major impact did Russification have on Finland?

A
  • The ‘diet’ [parliament] was reorganized in 1892
  • Russian coinage replaced the local currency
  • The Russian language was increasingly demanded
26
Q

What major impact did Russification have on Poland?

A
  • The Polish National Bank was closed in 1885

- In education, the teaching of all subjects, apart from Polish, had to be in Russian

27
Q

What major impact did Russification have on the Ukraine?

A
  • Limited the use of the Ukrainian language in 1883

- In 1884, all theatres in the five Ukrainian provinces were closed

28
Q

Who was the head of the Orthodox Church?

A

The Tsar

29
Q

Why did many people support the Orthodox Church?

A

As there were laws benefiting those of Orthodox faith and many wanted to take advantage of the special measures of support

30
Q

From what year were members of non-Orthodox Churches not allowed to build new places of worship or spread any religious propaganda?

A

1883

31
Q

What did Russification cause?

A

Resentment among the educated and wealthy national minorities: Finns, poles and Baltic Germans. Led to secret publications of local language books. It also caused many national minorities to emigrate and join political opposition groups

32
Q

How many mass disturbances took place in 1888 over Russification?

A

322 cases

33
Q

What were the beliefs of Russification?

A
  1. Supporters genuinely believed they were acting for the good of the country an to enable modernization to reassert Russian strength.
  2. More generally believed that it was a misguided policy that had the opposite effect from that intended
34
Q

What is Walter Moss’ view on Russification?

A

That although it seemed ‘foolish and counterproductive’, it was ultimately part of the ‘counter-reform mentality’ and that it was needed in order to maintain the Empire’s political stability

35
Q

Russification ‘failed to achieve its ends’ by…

A

Peter Waldron

36
Q

How many Jews were in the Russian Empire at this time?

A

5 million

37
Q

From what year had the Jewish population been confined to area of western Russia known as the Pale of Settlement?

A

1836

38
Q

What was Pobedonostev’s slogan about Anti-Semitism?

A

‘Beat the Yids - Save Russia’

39
Q

What type of violent actions were taken place against the Jews during pogroms?

A

Jewish property was burnt, shops and businesses destroyed and there were many incidences of rape and murder

40
Q

What laws introduced in 1882 added to the discrimination against the Jews?

A

The May Laws in 1882

- condemned the Jews to living in ghettos in cities and towns

41
Q

In the winter of 1891-92, how many Russian Jews were expelled from Moscow/

A

10,000

42
Q

What was the impact of anti-Semitism on the Jewish population in Russia?

A

Caused Jews to drive towards revolutionary groups, and in particular Marxist circles. Many Jews also left the country and some were even expelled (e.g. Kiev in 1886)

43
Q

When did AIII restrict the powers of the zemstvo and who did this disappoint?

A

In 1889-90 and the zemstva liberals

44
Q

In the 1990s, the attraction of the Slavophiles diminished causing a…………………………………………..to take root. This caused a split in the…………………………….

A

Western-style socialism

Intelligentsia

45
Q

What is argued to be the main reason why opposition increased from 1891?

A

The Great Famine

46
Q

What idea does Orlando Figes illustrate about the growing opposition?

A

The importance of the Famine as a turning point in the development of opposition

47
Q

Why was Menshevik and Bolshevik opposition very restricted up until 1917?

A

Many of the leaders remained on exile

The Okhrana and the military were very loyal to the Tsar

48
Q

Who established the ‘Emancipation of Labour group’? when? and why?

A 
George Plekhanov (became a Marxist in 1903)
1883
To arrange Marxist tracts to be smuggled into Russia and to demonstrate that Marxism was fully applicable in Russia
49
Q

What year was Vyshnegradsky dismissed and why?

A

In 1892 due to the disaster of the Great Famine

50
Q

How many people died from starvation or disease during the Great Famine?

A

350,000

51
Q

The failure of the government to find a solution and intervene in the Great Famine led to an increase in…

A

opposition against the regime

52
Q

What were the main things during AIII reign that threatened autocracy?

A
  1. The Great Famine in 1891-92 which spurred opposition > perhaps even led to the 1905 revolution
  2. Russification and anti-Semitism increased opposition to the regime as very few supported these policies
53
Q

By 1882, how many nobles owned their own businesses in Moscow?

A

700 nobles

54
Q

What reforms were introduced in 1891-92?

A

Regulations of child labour, a reduction in working hours, a reduction in excess fines and ‘payment in kind’ > payments in goods/services rather than money

^ however these contributed very little towards improving he lives o the growing working class

55
Q

How many strikes were there per year between 1886-1894?

A

Around 33 strikes per year - even though they were illegal

56
Q

Average life expectancy was around…

A

27 for males and 29 for females

Russia 1855 -1964 (7 decks)

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