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Russia Knowledge > Alexander II > Flashcards

Alexander II Flashcards

1
Q

What was Alexander’s tsar nickname?

A

‘The Tsar liberator’

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2
Q

What year was the emancipation?

A

1861

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3
Q

What event stared the emancipation?

A

Russia losing the Crimean war

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4
Q

What was the nobility of landowners called?

A

Dvoriane

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5
Q

What year was the Crimean war?

A

1854-6

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6
Q

What did Alexander say about serfdom?

A

‘It is better to begin to destroy serfdom from above than to wait until that time when it begins to destroy itself from below’

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7
Q

Who essentially decided the terms of the emancipation?

A

The dvoriane

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8
Q

How much land did the peasants actually receive?

A

1/3

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9
Q

Who were the peasants essentially now tied to?

A

The village commune (Mir)

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10
Q

How much of a peasants income came from farming after the emancipation?

A

Only half by 1900

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11
Q

How long were redemption payments held for?

A

49-years

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12
Q

How much land did peasants lose after the emancipation? Where was this particularly bad?

A

Ukraine- lost 30.8%

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13
Q

How many peasants didn’t have land following the emancipation?

A

2-3 million

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14
Q

How did the Mir control peasants?

A

Needed a passport to travel more than 20 miles

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15
Q

Good policies of the emancipation?

A

Able to marry without third party consent, hold property, couldn’t be bought or sold

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16
Q

Example of judicial reform following the emancipation

A

Trial by jury

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17
Q

What were the new local governments called?

A

Zemstva

18
Q

Example of educational reforms?

A

Curriculum modernised

19
Q

How much had students increased by?

A

Doubled to 800,000 during the first decade of Alexander’s reign

20
Q

Who was minister of war?

A

Militin

21
Q

What was the aim of military reforms?

A

More effective

22
Q

Example of military reform?

A

Length of service reduced from 25 to 15 years

23
Q

Evidence that military position was improved?

A

Participation in the Congress of Berlin in 1878

24
Q

Example of economic reform?

A

Unified treasury

25
Q

Were economic reforms successful?

A

Yes

26
Q

Evidence the emancipation failed

A

Polish revolt 1863
‘Going to the people’ 1874
Failed assassination attempt 1866
Assassination in 1881

27
Q

What was the significance of the populist ‘going to the people’?

A

Developed political consciousness- later insurrections

28
Q

Key group against the tsar?

A

The Third Element

29
Q

Example of a political change?

A

Abolished the ‘personal chancellery of his imperial majesty’ with the ‘council of ministers’

30
Q

What did the Polish Uprising show about Alexander II?

A

his repression, not necessarily the ‘Tsar Liberator’

31
Q

Treatment of nationalities under Alexander II

A

Poland- russification after Polish revolt
Ukraine- 2 decrees in 1863 and 1876 tat stopped the publication and importation of books in Ukranian
Finland- 1865 own constitution (diet)

32
Q

Treatment of Jews under Alexander II

A

Allowed them to migrate from the Pale of Settlement

33
Q

two treaties that ended the Russo-Turkish war

A

San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin

34
Q

What does Glastnost mean?

A

Openness

35
Q

Alexander II and the police force?

A

Replaced the ‘third section’ with the Okhrana in 1880

36
Q

Who were the economic ministers under Alex II?

A

Reutern and Hughes

37
Q

What economic changes did Reutern make?

A

railway construction, foreign technical expertise and investment

38
Q

What were economic policies inhibited by?

A

Russo-Turkish war

39
Q

treatment of Poles after the Polish revolt

A

the Milyutin plan: hundreds of members of the Polish nobility were exiled, Polish peasants were emancipated, rural district councils were set up. Poland fully integrated into Russia as the ‘vistula region.’
Russification: criminalizing displays of Polish culture and the Polish language, Catholic churches shut down and their land given to Russians, Russian made the official language

40
Q

Group that assassinated Alexander II.

A

The People’s Will

41
Q

Stats for the increase of railway construction.

A

7-fold increase in number if railway track from 1862-1878

Doubled industrial output whilst Reutern was in office

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