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Alexander And The Greeks Flashcards

1
Q

What were the core events with Alexander and the Greeks?

A

Founding of the league of Corinth (338-337 BCE), revolts against Alexander after the fall of Philip in 336 BCE, Thebian revolt of 335 BCE, Athenian Prisoners (mostly from the battle of Granicus in 334 BCE), Revolt of Agis (333-331 BCE), Exiles Decree (324 BCE)

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2
Q

What was the league of Corinth?

A

The League of Corinth was a federal union of all the Greek states (aside from Sparta) effectively uniting the Greek states under one treaty, forming 338-337 BCE at a peace conference in Corinth

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3
Q

What battle allowed Philip to win over the Greek states?

A

Battle of Chaerorina in 338 BCE

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4
Q

What did the league of Corinth terms consist of?

A

States were to remain free and autonomous under there existing constitutions
Each state would meet at Corinth, sending representatives based on military power
Decisions were met by a majority vote
Take common action against any state which broke peace/an oath of allegiance was signed
There was to be potentially an allied army from all of the Greek states

Effectively uniting the states under one common system

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5
Q

Was Macedonia a part of the League of Corinth?

A

No, technically Macedonia managed the league of Corinth, effectively, Philip had total control over the states, and the league was a way for the Greek states to “help” Philip make choices. Ultimately the the Greek states had no real power

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6
Q

What were the 3 core positions in the league of Corinth?

A

The Prodedrion- made of 5 councillors who conducted the day to day business of the league

The Synhedrion- a council of representatives from each state proportional to the military strength the state, had some level of judicial powers to impose sentences

The Hegemon- a position held for life by Philip (and inherited by Alexander), gave complete control over the Greek states, would also be the Strategos Autocrator if military intervention was needed

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7
Q

What was the true purpose of the League of Corinth

A

The purpose of the league of Corinth was made to secure a military with the Greeks to invade Persia, Philip needed Greece to be united before invading Persia, else he would risk the possibility of civil war. The league of Corinth was a way to unit Greece and give the idea that Greeks states were autonomous

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8
Q

Did the league of Corinth actually unit Greece? Why did so many Greek states revolt against Alexander?

A

Although it may seem like the the Greeks wanted to join the league of Corinth, undoubtably if the Greek states had free choice they wouldn’t join, the league was formed as a result of conquest, this in itself shows how the league was never built on honest foundations but instead through force.
The true thoughts of the Greeks are shown through the various revolts that took place in Greece, and the many mercenaries who fought against Alexander

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9
Q

When did Alexander ascend to the king of Macedonia?

A

336 BCE, after the murder of Philip

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10
Q

When did the Persians invade Greece?

A

490, & 480 BCE lead by Xerxes in a full scale invasion

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11
Q

What source mainly discussed the league of Corinth?

A

Diodorus

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12
Q

What were the main rebellions from the Greeks?

A

Revolt of Athens, Thebes, Aerolia, Sparta, & Thessaly in 335 BCE

Rebellion of the northern tribes (Thrace, Illyria, and the Danube) in 335 BCE

The 2nd rebellion in 335 BCE (while in combat up north)

Followed up by this Thebes decided to revolt

A series of revolts from Sparta, memnon in Thrace, Agis III BOTH IN 333 BCE, and Agis II in 331

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13
Q

Who was the main source for the Agis revolts

A

Curtius

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14
Q

What was the core events of the first Rebellion against Alexander

A

The Greek states of Athens, Thebes, Aetolia, and Sparta in 335 BCE decided to rebel against Alexander

Alexander determined to avoid fighting, he wanted to befriend the Greeks

Alexander swiftly went to Thessaly, to avoid confrontation he followed up the narrow path of Mt Ossa, opposed to the expected route through the Vale Temple

Marching into there city, they had no choice but to surrender
The other sates were soon to follow, Athens sent representatives to official recognise him

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15
Q

Which critic highlights the reasons many Greek states disliked being under the League of Corinth?

A

“When Alexander, contrary to the oath and the compacts set forth in the general peace, restored these Tyrants, the sons of Philiades to Messene, had he any regard for justice?”
- Pseudo Demosthenes
The quote above shows us that by Alexander enforcing all states to bring back in political traitors via the exiles decree that many of the Greeks saw Alexander as breaching the leagues oaths

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16
Q

When did the Thebian rebellion take place

A

335 BCE Thebes, following the 2nd rebellion of the northern tribes

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17
Q

What states promised to and or did help in the Thebian revolt?

A

Persians/Darius III provided financial support, Athens and the Peloponnesian promised support , however this fell short

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18
Q

What was the general events of the Thebian rebellion?

A

The Thebian voted to Rebel against Alexander
They believed Alexander to be dead
Alexander quickly rushed to Thebes, demanding only the surrender of the two leaders and the rebellion would be overlooked
Thebes in reply demands the surrender of Philotas and Antipter, causing Alexander to attack
6000 Thebian were killed

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19
Q

What did Alexander choose to do with Thebes post rebellion

A

He handed there fate to the league of Corinth
The league already having existing hatred against Thebes decided to burn and enslave Thebes
Alexander knew this would be the outcome
Thebes was burned to the ground with 30’000 Thebans being enslaved

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20
Q

What did JR Hamilton state about the burning of Thebes?

A

It was a calculated act of terrorism on the part of Alexander

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21
Q

What was the significance of the burning of Thebes?

A

The burning of Thebes was a way of Alexander showing the Greek states who was truly in power, and the punishment for Rebelling against him. Alexander removed the possibility of reaching a mutual understanding with the Greeks, instead they were forced to accept him. The falling giving him finally the control he needed to rule the Greeks

22
Q

Which quote shows Philips intent and motives to invalid Persia?

A

“Philip spread the word that he wished to undertake a war against the Persians on behalf of Greece, to punish them for the sacrilege they’d committed against Greek temples.” - Diodorus

23
Q

What historian discusses the events around Thebes?

A

Diodorus

24
Q

What ancient historians talk about the revolt of Agis

A

Curtius & Diodorus

25
Q

When was the first revolt of Agis?

A

333 BCE near Corinth

26
Q

When did the 2nd Agis revolt occur?

A

331 BCE in sync with a revolt at Thrace

27
Q

Who supported the Agis revolt? And what did Alexander send in support

A

Darius sent both money, ships, & mercenaries, while Alexander just sent money and ships

28
Q

What general fought against the first Agis revolt

A

At this point Alexander was in Persia, of which Antipier was in Alexander’s place, the general Corrhagus fought and lost in the first revolt in 333

29
Q

Who was in Alexander’s place while he fought in Persia

A

Antipter

30
Q

In total for the Agis III revolt, how many Troops did Antipter and Agis have?

A

Agis had an army of 30’000 men, consisting of mercenaries, and support from various Greek states, Athens was offered however declined
While Antipter gathered a force of 40’000 men from various states, 12’000 left from Alexander before leaving

31
Q

What does the increased man power of 40’000 men show for the Agis revolt

A

That other Greek states from the league supported Antipter

32
Q

What was the battle called that decided the victor the revolt of Agis?

A

The battle of Megalopolis

33
Q

Who was the king of Thrace during the Agis rebellion?

A

Memnon

34
Q

What is the general events that occurred during Thrace and Agis rebelling?

A

Memnom encouraged the people of Thrace to rebel against Macedonia
Had a change of heart once the rebellion got out of control
Macedonia helped suppressed the rebellion
Agis started a new revolt down south (possibly organised)
Antipter quickly signs a treaty with Memnon to have increased territory and Memnon would remain general, this way Antipter could quickly deal with Agis

35
Q

What is a quote from JR Hamilton regarding Memnons reaction to the treaty?

A

“Memnon collaborated with the king of Sparta to rebel on two fronts at the same time. When Antipter made Memnon and offer he could not refuse, he decided to stay loyal to Macedonia” JR Hamilton

36
Q

How was Sparta punished for its rebellion?

A

The Spartans and there allies approached Antipter for a truce
Antipter referred to the league, the vote was for Sparta to pay compensation for the damages
The league also sent an embassy to Alexander for how to deal with Sparta
Alexander decided Sparta had to join the league

37
Q

What does the league contacting Alexander about Spartas revolt show?

A

That ultimately all power remained with Alexander, and the states more or less just followed Alexander’s orders. Alexander is the master of the Greek world

38
Q

What is a quote that shows Antipters reaction to the 2nd Agis revolt

A

“When Antipter learned that the Greeks had united, he ended the war in Thrace on the best possible terms and marched to the Peloponnese with his entire force. Enlisting troops from Greek states who were allied with Macedonia he succeeded in assembling no fewer than 40’000 men” - Didorus

39
Q

Why did Alexander treat Athens so well?

A

Alexander followed in his father’s footsteps with how he treated Athens, he had a deep respect for Athens and all of its achievements. This reflected in how he treated Athens
However the main reason is wanting to befriend atleast one Greek state, so atleast one state wasn’t hostile to Macedonian rule. Athens made the most sense due to its influence over the Greek world.
The Athenian’s also had a navel fleet, ideal for that of conquering Persia

40
Q

What was a quote from JR Hamilton about Alexander and Athens?

A

“He treated them with kid gloves”

41
Q

When did Alexander show favours to Athens?

A

After the battle of Granicus in 334 BCE, Alexander sent 300 suits of captured armour to Athens with the note “Fron Alexander, son of Philip, all the Greek states, expect Sparta”

In Babylon in 331 BCE the tyrant slayer was discovered, Alexander returned it to Athens

When Athens said they’d assist Thebes in rebelling, Alexander let Athens off

42
Q

When did Alexander not show so much leniency with Athens?

A

Alexander held Athenian mercenaries hostage after the battle of Granicus after fighting for the Persians

43
Q

What was the general events surrounding the Athenian prisoners?

A

Alexander held Athenian hostages after the battle of Granicus
The Athenians asked on two seperate occasions for the Prisoners back, in 333 & 331 BCE
In 331 Alexander realised the hostages back to Athens when he was in Gordium

44
Q

What were the possible reasons for Alexander holding the Athenians hostage

A

They were traitors to the League of Corinth
Deterred Athens from joining the Persians

45
Q

Did Alexander holding Athens hostage pay off?

A

Yes, around the same time the Agis III revolt was occurring Alexander released the hostages hoping this would put Athens on good terms and they wouldn’t join Agis, this paid off as they didn’t join in 331

46
Q

Why did Alexander overall want to maintain control over Greece?

A

Alexander required control of Greece, as he required the man power and financial support from all of the main Greek states to continue his invasion of Persia, without the support and assistance of the Greek states, Alexander stood no chance of victory against Persia, Athens was a step in this direction

47
Q

In what ways did Alexander attempt to maintain control and support of the Greek states?

A

Scare tactics/force- Thebes in 335 BCE
Bribery- amour sent to Athens in 334 after Granicus and the Tyrants statue in 331 BCE
Military force - leaving Antipter an army behind
Exiles decree - Alexander enforcing his power and Hegemon , keeping the Greek states civil issues in check

48
Q

What quote shows Alexander’s reasons for holding hostages?

A

“Alexander did not think it was safe to relax his intimidation of the Greeks” - Arrian

49
Q

What quote shows Philips intentions with the league of Corinth?

A

“He wanted to discuss within them matter if mutual benefit” - Diodorus

50
Q

What quote shows the Sparta didn’t join the league?

A

“Each state agreed expect Sparta, for the Spartans said that ancestral customs enjoined them to not follow others, but to lead” - Diodorus

Classics (2 decks)

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