Alexander

Question 1

Born and Died

Answer 1

Pella, Macedonia 356 BC

Babylon 323 BC

Question 2

Proskynesis date

Answer 2

327 BC

Question 3

Proskynesis event

Answer 3

Alexander wanted to further policy of fusion. Persians = no worship implied, only acknowledging superior. Greeks/Macedonians = did imply worship. They were to drink for cup and prostrate themselves then receive kiss.

Question 4

Callisthensis

Answer 4

Refused to perform this. Felt it was degrading and alien to Greek Custom. Alexander refused to kiss him in reutrn

Question 5

Policy of Fusion

Answer 5

Involved 
- treating natives as equals
- tolerating native's customs/religions
- adopt native customs
Bring Macedonians and Persians together as Macedonians felt Persians were uncivilised and inferior. Alex wanted them to work in harmony and he respected Persian people's culture and religion

Question 6

Military positions

Answer 6

Alex appointed Persians to key military positions because:

• could not rule empire without locals
• Persians best ruled by own people who understand their thinking
• limit rebellions

Question 7

Susa Weddings date

Answer 7

324 BC

Question 8

Susa Weddings event

Answer 8

Persian princesses/noble women marry Macedonian men. Alex married 2 princesses. All Macedonians previously married to Persians registered - 10,000. Further policy. Did not last after death of Alex

Question 9

Siege of Tyre date

Answer 9

332 BC

Question 10

Tyre reason

Answer 10

Alex wanted to sacrifice city of Heracles which according to Tyrian custom only a King could do. Tyrians placed a templed at Old Tyre and Alexander dismissed the envoys and prepared.

Question 11

Tyre location

Answer 11

Half a mile off shore on an island, had 150m high walls and thick

Question 12

Mole engineer

Answer 12

Thessalian engineer Diades

Question 13

Mole challenges

Answer 13

Constructed 200 ft wide however as water got deeper - 20ft - it became more difficult and Tyrians could harras workers

Question 14

Alex response to Tyrians

Answer 14

Two 150ft towers built with catapults to fire at Tyrians. T

Question 15

Tyrians response to towers

Answer 15

Put combustable material on transport and put it along the mole and set towers on fire. Alex then ordered a wider mole for more towers

Question 16

Alex superiority

Answer 16

Alex gained superiority at sea from Sidon and the Cypriot Kings gave 120 ships as they saw he winning

Question 17

Tyrians retreat

Answer 17

Tyrians saw size of fleet so withdrew and blocked entrances

Question 18

Attack on Tyrians after retreat

Answer 18

Alex attacked from many points. Tyrians dropped masses of stone to stop them from getting closer. The stone was eventually removed and Alex managed to break the wall South of the harbour. First attempt they managed to keep Alex out however 3 days later his attempt is successful.

Question 19

Massacre Tyre

Answer 19

8,000 Tyrians killed, 400 Macedonians. Other 30,000 Tyrians slaves

Question 20

Battle of Guagamela date

Answer 20

331 BC

Question 21

Background to Guagamela

Answer 21

Alex camped from 7-8 miles away from Guagamela. He advanced to ridge to watch enemy and saw Darius had a wide battlefield for his large army. He outnumbered Alex’s army 5 to 1

Question 22

Parmenio’s advice Guagamela

Answer 22

Parmenio (Alex’s military general), advised Alex to attack at night so they wouldn’t see him coming. Alex disagreed due to the danger and risks and said “I will not demean myself by stealing victory like a thief”

Question 23

Preparations for Guagamela - Alex

Answer 23

Alex interrogated prisoners to know the Persian battle line. He led a cavalry reconnaissance and discovered Darius had flattened land for his chariots. Alex knew exactly what he was about to face.

Question 24

Preparations for Guagamela - Darius

Answer 24

Levelled the ground for chariots. Made men stand at night as he was scared Alex would attack. This was a disadvantage as Alex’s men were well rested while his were tired

Question 25

Battle line Guagamela

- Alex

Answer 25

Main concern was being outflanked. They moved quickly to outweigh this problem. Paid more attention to logistics - planning and strategies. Slanted, slightly curved battle line - unexpected approach

Question 26

Propoganda Guagamela

Answer 26

Men fought with more heart for someone who they believed was supported by the Gods (Ammon)

Question 27

Important key points of Guagamela

battle

Answer 27

• Alex advanced to the right, Darius launched cavalry attack
• Darius chariots stopped by lancers
• Darius ordered a general offensive. Mazaeus launched against Parmenio’s wing and rest were sent to help Bessus on Alex’s right
• Gap in Persian line, Alex charges
• Darius fled, Bessus and Bactrian cavalry followed
• Parmenio pressed by Mazaeus. Alex did not chase Darius but helped Parmenio. Persians tried to escape so ended in a fight.
• Mazaeus escaped by the time Alex got there

Question 28

Hamilton’s beliefs on Policy

Answer 28

Alex did not want true equality and wanted Macedonians to be dominant

Question 29

Siwah

Answer 29

Visit to the Oracle of Ammon in 332BC

Question 30

Pharaoh of Egypt

Answer 30

Alex invaded Egypt in 331 BC and was crowned Pharaoh. Priests greeted him as they would any Pharaoh - ‘son of Ammon’ - increased ego

Question 31

Oracle

Answer 31

Infallible, no one knows what was truly said