Alex - psych - Flashcards (2)
What stage might an adolescent be in if the only deterrent to comitting crimes in his gang that he considers is a legal sentence that he might receieve?
Obedience and punishment: individual motivated to comply with social order solely by a punishment that he might expect for non compliance
False consciousness example-workers in a factory being told by managers if they work harder they could get a promotion, so they see their managers as allies
False consciousness example-workers in a factory being told by managers if they work harder they could get a promotion, so they see their managers as allies
Indian caste system is an extreme example of an ascribed status-these are conferred by society, often irrespective of the efforts or actions of the individual. Achieved statuses are earned based on merits and actions
Indian caste system is an extreme example of an ascribed status-these are conferred by society, often irrespective of the efforts or actions of the individual. Achieved statuses are earned based on merits and actions
Operant conditioning is a form of learning where the individual learns based on the outcomes or responses to the behaviors. For example, +/- reinforcement/punishment
Operant conditioning is a form of learning where the individual learns based on the outcomes or responses to the behaviors. For example, +/- reinforcement/punishment
A mediating variable explains the difference between two other variables. A confounding variable is related to both the dependent and independent variable, but it is not typically of interest to the researcher
A mediating variable explains the difference between two other variables. A confounding variable is related to both the dependent and independent variable, but it is not typically of interest to the researcher
Cross’s Nigrescence model: the pre-encounter stage for African-Americans is viewing the majority of caucasion culture as being more desirable and seeing a white doctor as being more skilled.
Cross’s Nigrescence model: the pre-encounter stage for African-Americans is viewing the majority of caucasion culture as being more desirable and seeing a white doctor as being more skilled.
Read the chart legends.
Read the chart legends.
A drive reduction and cognitive theorist would argue that depression is most strongly correlated with a deficiency in which component of fulfillment?
Drive reduction theorists suggest depression rises from reduction in the motivating forces of arousal. Cognitive theory aruges that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors.
Abnormal functioning of which brain region results in depression?
The frontal lobe is involved in projecting future actions or consequences. Limbic system regulates emotion and memory. Hypothalamus coordinates hormones.
Which of the following Gestalt principles applies to the situation? *A child looks at a picture that is made up of a bunch of disconnected dots shaped like the outline of a smiley face, and the child perceives it as a smiley face.
Law of closure would be taking an incomplete figure and perceiving it as a whole. Law of similarity says that we perceive similar objects as being grouped together.
Attrition bias is when subbjects drop out of a long term study or experiment. Reconstructive bias is when our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when remembering times of high stress.
Attrition bias is when subbjects drop out of a long term study or experiment. Reconstructive bias is when our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when remembering times of high stress.
What type of stress do medical students feel when confronted with unethical behavior because they believe that reporting it will have serious negative repercussions?
Distress is when you perceive a situation to be threatening in some way and your body becomes primed to respond to that threat. Eustress is positive stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but also motivating. Neustress is neutral stress that happens when you experience something stressful, but it does not directly affect you.
Deindividuation: a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldnt normally act if they were alone
Deindividuation: a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldnt normally act if they were alone
What type of social influence do med school students experience when they engage in behavior they privately feel is unacceptable, but that is considered normative?
Conformity: a person privately disagrees with a behavior but publicly goes along with the behavior of the normative social group.
Which is not a core component of emotion?
Core components of emotion: subjective experiences, physiological arousal, expressive displays.
Which of the following is a conclusion of the study?
Be careful with answers that say the experiment can “treat” the condition…usually too extreme.
Schachter Singer theory of emotion is 3 distinct steps: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the experience, and experience of emotion.
Schachter Singer theory of emotion is 3 distinct steps: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the experience, and experience of emotion.
Casino slot machines use a variable ratio schedule, which produces the highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction
Casino slot machines use a variable ratio schedule, which produces the highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction
What is a possible explanation for the results of the study?
Passage analyis
When a subject views the word “red” written in green ink, it takes longer to recognize the word than if it was “red” written in red ink. What is this effect?
The Stroop effect is a phenomenom in which it is harder for a person to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information. (Harder to say the word yellow when the actual letters are not yellow)
Which concept is most useful in explaining the results of the relationship between race and social class in the study?
Socialization is how individuals’ attitudes are shaped by social factors
Which of the following represents an inherent limitation in the study?
A survey study is subject to subjective bias, because it is self reported information. I put there was a lack of control groups, but it was just a study and not meant to be an experiment
Independent variables are ones that researchers control. Do not confuse with a feature of the experiment.
Independent variables are ones that researchers control. Do not confuse with a feature of the experiment.
Professors use shorter sentences with more instructions, and ask questions to reveal lack of academic skill more often in minorities. They are demonstrating?
Discrimination is a behavior, while stereotyping is a cognitive action
Semantic memory is the type of memory used to recite facts on an exam
Semantic memory is the type of memory used to recite facts on an exam
Intrinsic motivation is meant to boost inner motivation to succeed and learn. Extrinsic motivation is motivation to do something based on external reward.
Intrinsic motivation is meant to boost inner motivation to succeed and learn. Extrinsic motivation is motivation to do something based on external reward.
Through what form of social influence are new ideas spread?
New ideas are automatically considered a minority, so they can be spread through the influence of the minority on others accepting the view.
An approach-avoidant conflict is a situation where there is one option with both appealing and unappealing characteristics. A double is where there are two options. Approach = appealing, avoidant = unappealing about a decision.
An approach-avoidant conflict is a situation where there is one option with both appealing and unappealing characteristics. A double is where there are two options. Approach = appealing, avoidant = unappealing about a decision.
In what ways did the study differ from the Asch experiment?
Ash experiment tried to get a majority group to influence a person to conform. They used confederates, but they did not provide explanations for their viewpoints.
Attribution theory is when a person attempts to interpret actions by assigning causes to them. Fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another’s actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.
Attribution theory is when a person attempts to interpret actions by assigning causes to them. Fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another’s actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.
If the study included both 8 year olds and 4 year olds instead of just 4 year olds, what would likely be observed?
Parallel play is when children play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response. It does not involve direct interaction between children. Parallel play is a normal part of behavior in preschool children.
The Canon Bard theory of emotion states that physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate from each other. ***Key word: simultaneous.
The Canon Bard theory of emotion states that physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate from each other. ***Key word: simultaneous.
Which of the following would correspond to the correct Piaget developmental stage for children that are 6-7 years old?
In piaget’s stages, children from ages 2-7 are in the pre-operational stage. They learn to operate symbolically and engage in symbolic play.
A test can have high reliability, or consistency, but low validity, or accuracy. Students may take a test that gives consistent scores over time, but if it does not reflect their actual abilities it has high reliability and low validity.
A test can have high reliability, or consistency, but low validity, or accuracy. Students may take a test that gives consistent scores over time, but if it does not reflect their actual abilities it has high reliability and low validity.
What type of cultural norm is involved in health behavior?
Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society and have consequences if violated. Folkwards are norms that govern everyday behavior, like holding the door open for other people. Taboos are considered unacceptable by almost any culture.
Which of the following biases is most relevant to a study about ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
In a study, participants may try to respond in a way that minimizes ethnocentrism and promotes cultural relativism, because that would be the socially acceptable response.
Which was not a finding of the Harlow experiments?
In the Harlow experiment, infant monkeys preferred spending time clinging to the cloth mother. He determined the “contact comfort” was crucial to their development. After monkeys were paired with the wire mother, their abnormal behavior later on could NOT be corrected by pairing them with a cloth mother.
Anomie refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.
Anomie refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.
Negativity bias refers to the bias when negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects. The self serving bias is interpreting good experiences with substances as due to positive personallity traits, while interpreting negative experiences as results of external factors
Negativity bias refers to the bias when negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects. The self serving bias is interpreting good experiences with substances as due to positive personallity traits, while interpreting negative experiences as results of external factors
The prefontal cortexes of adolescents are still in development. This includes decision making and considering risk.
The prefontal cortexes of adolescents are still in development. This includes decision making and considering risk.
Internal validity is the degree to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study, which can include accounting for possible confounding variables. External validity refers to the degree to which the findings of a study are generalizable to the population as a whole. Face validity refers to the extent to which appears to assess what it is intended to assess. Content validity refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant factors of the phenomenom it is intended to investigate.
Internal validity is the degree to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study, which can include accounting for possible confounding variables. External validity refers to the degree to which the findings of a study are generalizable to the population as a whole. Face validity refers to the extent to which appears to assess what it is intended to assess. Content validity refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant factors of the phenomenom it is intended to investigate.
Functional MRI is able to assess operation of brain regions. Structural MRI does not show the function of different brain regions.
Functional MRI is able to assess operation of brain regions. Structural MRI does not show the function of different brain regions.
In operant conditioning, thinning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
In operant conditioning, thinning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
Females tend to benefit positively from maturing later, because the feel less self conscious about their image. Males feel more self conscious if they develop later
Females tend to benefit positively from maturing later, because the feel less self conscious about their image. Males feel more self conscious if they develop later
Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role. Role conflict involves 2 roles coming into conflict with each other, like between having a job and school
Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role. Role conflict involves 2 roles coming into conflict with each other, like between having a job and school
Hard question.
Hard question.
Which of the following is an example of how altruism can improve inclusive fitness?
An animal can exhibit altruism to improve inclusive fitness by alerting its offspring that a predator is nearby. This puts that animal at risk, but ensures its genes survive through its offspring.
Ego integrity vs. despair is a conflict that emerges at maturity (age 65) and is reflecting on their life.
Ego integrity vs. despair is a conflict that emerges at maturity (age 65) and is reflecting on their life.
Primary aging refers to aging related to biological factors and the physical body, like molecular changes. Secondary aging refers to aging related to behavioral factors like diet and exercise.
Primary aging refers to aging related to biological factors and the physical body, like molecular changes. Secondary aging refers to aging related to behavioral factors like diet and exercise.
You cannot identify the most ideal method between 2 studies if they are not compared to each other.
You cannot identify the most ideal method between 2 studies if they are not compared to each other.
Within-subjects design controls for individual variations in a measurement by comparing scores of a subject in one category to the score of the same subject in different conditions. Each subject serves as their own control.
Within-subjects design controls for individual variations in a measurement by comparing scores of a subject in one category to the score of the same subject in different conditions. Each subject serves as their own control.
General adaptation syndrome describes the body’s short term and long term reactions to stress
General adaptation syndrome describes the body’s short term and long term reactions to stress
The house money effect is that after a prior gain, people are more open to assuming new risk since the money is not treated as one’s own. The gambler’s fallacy is that is something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future
The house money effect is that after a prior gain, people are more open to assuming new risk since the money is not treated as one’s own. The gambler’s fallacy is that is something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future
Conflict theory states that individuals compete with each other in society over limited resources.
Conflict theory states that individuals compete with each other in society over limited resources.
An individual who scores highly on a measure of positive feelings towards the culture to which he immigrated and low on a measure of positive feelings towards his native culture would likely be employing what strategy of acculturation?
Assimilation is a strategy in which the individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture. Separation is rejecting the new culture and maintaining the old culture. Marginalization is rejecting both culture. Integration involves identifying with both cultures.
The ID is unconscious and includes basic human instinctual drives. The ego deals with the id’s impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. The superego forms the organized part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious.
The ID is unconscious and includes basic human instinctual drives. The ego deals with the id’s impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. The superego forms the organized part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious.
The parietal lobe integrates multiple levels of sensory including spatial sense, navigation, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
The parietal lobe integrates multiple levels of sensory including spatial sense, navigation, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
Soical cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone else rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too.
Soical cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone else rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too.
Sound travels from cochlea in the ear to the organ of Corti, which translates physical vibrations to electrical signals. Then they travel through the auditory nerve to the brain stem, eventually reaching the medial geniculate nucleus. Information is processed in the auditory cortex
Sound travels from cochlea in the ear to the organ of Corti, which translates physical vibrations to electrical signals. Then they travel through the auditory nerve to the brain stem, eventually reaching the medial geniculate nucleus. Information is processed in the auditory cortex
Weber’s Law applies to stimuli and the proportionality of the just-noticeable-difference perceived by an individual
Weber’s Law applies to stimuli and the proportionality of the just-noticeable-difference perceived by an individual
Horizontal cells assist the bipolar cells by processing and organizing information. It allows the eye to discern edges of objects and visual contrasts.
Horizontal cells assist the bipolar cells by processing and organizing information. It allows the eye to discern edges of objects and visual contrasts.
Parvocellular cells identify shapes and details of stationary objects. Magnocellular cells detect motion without perceiving small or fine details
Parvocellular cells identify shapes and details of stationary objects. Magnocellular cells detect motion without perceiving small or fine details
The vestibule plays an essential role in maintaining balance and sensing linear acceleration
The vestibule plays an essential role in maintaining balance and sensing linear acceleration
The superior olive, found in the brain stem, is responsible for localizing sound. The inferior colliculus helps coordinate head rotation with visual focus on a specific point
The superior olive, found in the brain stem, is responsible for localizing sound. The inferior colliculus helps coordinate head rotation with visual focus on a specific point
After organ of corti detecs physical vibrations, electrical signals are delivered to the inferior colliculus in the brain. Then it reaches the medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus). It then goes to the auditory cortex for final processing
After organ of corti detecs physical vibrations, electrical signals are delivered to the inferior colliculus in the brain. Then it reaches the medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus). It then goes to the auditory cortex for final processing
The thalamus plays a key role in sensation except for smell.
The thalamus plays a key role in sensation except for smell.
Meissner’s corpuscles transmit sensory impulses associated with light tough
Meissner’s corpuscles transmit sensory impulses associated with light tough
Principle of good continuation explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate, even when they intersect
Principle of good continuation explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate, even when they intersect
Principle of closure states when a space is enclosed by an incomplete line, it will generally be perceived as a closed figure
Principle of closure states when a space is enclosed by an incomplete line, it will generally be perceived as a closed figure
Which is a bigger limitation: giving shocks to participants or using a non-clinical population to study a disease?
A limitation to studying OCD is not using people that have OCD but instead just have OCD “traits”. This is apparently a bigger limitation than shocking participants.
What is the looking glass self theory?
The looking glass self theory states that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. Its how people shape their self concepts based on their understanding of how other people perceive them
What is attribution bias?
Attributional bias refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their/others’ behaviors. People are prone to perceptual errors that lead to biased interpretations of the real world. Example: police know the welfare schedule and they make harsher judgments based on their perceptions of those people on welfare.
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
What is self serving bias?
Self serving bias is the tendency to attribute good outcomes with internal factors and bad outcomes to external factors
What does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate?
Parasympathetic stimulation increases digestive activity, including increased salivation
What is the difference between fundamental attribution error and confirmation bias?
Fundamental attribution is the tendency to explain someone’s behavior based on internal factors and underestimate the influence of external events. Example: if a person comes to work late because of traffic, you assume they are lazy. Confirmation bias is selectively finding evidence to support your views.
What is the difference between ecological and construct validity? How does validity differ from reliability?
Ecological validity refers to ways the experiment applies to the environment. Example: in the stanford prison experiment, actual prison conditions may be different. Construct validity refers to the ways the measures are constructed. Reliability of a study is the likelihood that the results can be replicated.
What is the difference between subjective, objective, and projective personality tests?
Subjective personality tests are when the patient projects their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts on to the assessment stimuli, which yields results that are open for inaccuracy (some doctors may reach different conclusions despite seeing the same results). An objective personality test measures specific characteristics based on a set of discrete options, like the Meyers-Briggs test. Projective tests require the patient to respond, and then their response is assessed for meaning.
Explain the difference between paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, and disorganized types of schizophrenia.
Paranoid schizophrenia involves auditory hallucinations or prominent delusional thoughts about persecution or conspiracy. This type often involves normal cognitive functioning. Catatonic schizophrenia involves disturbances in movements. There is a dramatic decrease in activity. They also often mimic what other people say or do. Undifferentiated schizophrenia is when people have symptoms of schizophrenia that are not sufficiently formed or specific enough to permit classification. Disorganized schizophrenia is disorganization of the thought processes. Hallucinations and delusions are less pronounced.
What does Weber’s Law state about the relationship between intensity of a stimulus and the ability to detect it?
Weber’s law states there is a linear relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and an individual’s ability to detect it.
What is differential association theory?
Differential association theory states that individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who dont commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behavior. A child living in a high crime area being adopted by an affluent family would reduce the likelihood he commits a crime
What is self efficacy?
Self efficacy is the belief that one can adequately perform in a particular performance. An external locus of control, saying past failures are due to other factors, would not increase your self efficacy.
What is the differene between Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia?
Broca’s aphasia controls the physical production of speech. They have significant trouble producing words, but they can listen and read normaly. Wernicke’s aphasia is loss of speech comprehension. They can speak but their sentences are non sense (word salad).
How are arguments processed in the frontal lobes vs the temporal lobes?
An argument that is processed logically is the domain of the frontal lobes, while an argument that is processed emotionally is a temporal lobe function
Explain the difference between referent, expert, legitimate, and coercive power.
A person with referent power exerts control by appealing to others’ desires to be a part of a group. Its most likely appealed through external factors, like feeling desirable or feeling included, not by knowledge or logic. Expert power is motivating through the use of knowledge of subject matter. Legitimate power is exerted through the power of the legitimacy of their role. Coercive power is exerted through force or threat.
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference is the fact that currently existing long-term memories can interfere with the process of forming new memories.
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
What is confabulation?
Confabulation is making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing those memories to be true.
What is a meritocracy? What kind of equality is present in one?
Meritocracy is a society where people progress based on ability and talent rather than privilege or wealth. As a result, everyone must have an equal opportunity to advance
What is the difference between post-decisional conflict and induced compliance?
Post decisional conflict is the dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way. Induced compliance is when the person is persuaded to act contrary to their attitudes.
What is informational influence? What is normative influence?
Informational influence is an influence to accept info from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about info or what might be correct. Normative influence is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval.
What is the difference between a quantitative study and qualitative study?
A quantitative study is one that involves tests or questionnaires to produce numerical scores that can be evaluated statistically. A qualitative study is used to gather in depth info about a specific question, and often uses focus groups or small samples to better understand phenomena.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Explicit attitudes are conscious attitudes. Implicit attitudes are unconscious attitudes
What is learned helplessness?
Learned helplessness is when people make many attempts to solve a problem but they are not effective.
What is Treisman’s attenuation model?
Treisman’s attenuation model states that we “turn down” or attenuate the intensity of less important stimuli. Example: a violinist tones down the intensity of a rude audience member talking on the phone.
What is the difference between controlled and automatic processing?
Unfamiliar tasks require controlled processing. Famliiar tasks are automatic processing.
What is Broadbent’s model of selective attention?
Broadbent’s model states that distracting or unimportant stimuli are eliminated entirely at a “bottleneck” before reaching higher level thought or memory
What is social facilitation?
Social facilitation is simple or familiar tasks can often be better executed in a social environment, but advanced or unfamiliar tasks are better performed in private
What is the difference between normative and informational influence?
Normative influence is the pull of being socially accepted, desired, or generally liked. Informational influence is their desire to be accurate or “right” about an idea.
What is another name for bystander apathy?
Bystander apathy is the same thing as the bystander effect.
What is the difference between anarchy and anomie?
Anomie is a social disorder where individual morals and standards are disconnected from society. It can result in alienation, mismatched guidelines and morals, and commiting suicide. Anarchy is a complete disregard for the law and violations of it
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?
Primary socialization is when a child initially learns the norms and expected behaviors of their culture. Secondary socialization is learning a subset of values and norms that apply to a specific group within society, like the military or prison.
What is altercasting?
Altercasting is projecting an identity on another individual in a way that is congruent with one’s own goals. This increases the likelihood that the listener will act to match the projected identity.
What is Fisherian selection?
Fisherian selection states if strong enough mating preference for elaborate ornamentation exists, this preference can undermine natural selection even if the feature is non adaptive. Since males of a certain appearance propagate with females who strongly prefer such features, this cycle can continue over many generations and males would become more extreme in appearance (showed this in peacocks)
Which strategy will prevail in a species of coyotes: avoider strategy or fighter strategy?
Both strategies have costs and benefits, leading to an equilibrium to form over time.
What are indicator traits?
Indicator traits are phenotypic expressions that convey the health, well being, and fitness of an organism to potential mates.
What is the difference between normative and utilitarian organizations?
A normative organization is voluntarily joined and exists to perform some moral activity. These include volunteer groups. Utilitarian groups compensate their workers for their efforts.
What is kin selection? How does it differ from reciprocal altruism and empathy altruism?
Kin selection is when people help their relatives even when it is costly to them. Reciprocal altruism is helping others with the expectation of getting help from them in the future. Empathy altruism is the idea you are more likely to help others you feel empathy towards.
What did Max Weber do? What did Karl Marx do?
Max Weber made symbolic interactionism. He coined the “iron cage” concept, where people feel trapped by institutions and policies around them that fail to provide equality. Karl Marx is associated with conflict theory.
What is the functionalist theory?
Functionalist theory is concerned with finding out how existing social structures promote social stability. Typically concerns itself with the interaction of macro-level institutions and social structures rather than individuals’ beliefs
What is social capital?
Social capital is the value embedded in social networks, such as job connections, ability to call in favors, and ability to rely on others. Higher social capital helps people juggle personal and family responsibilities.
If each answer gets crossed out, start over and recheck each answer with the passage
If each answer gets crossed out, start over and recheck each answer with the passage
Behaviorists would assert that self defeating behaviors are maintained by immediate reinforcement in the form of what?
People are more likely to undergo self defeating behaviors when they perceive a threat or have low self esteem. They are more susceptible to having anxiety and emotional distress. Self defeating behaviors are often the result of an inability to handle stress, so these self defeating behaviors lead to stress relief which reinforces the behavior.
What is general paresis?
General paresis is paralysis of the insane, or paralytic dementia. It is caused by late-stage syphillis and affects the brain
