Alex - psych - Flashcards (2)
1
Q
What stage might an adolescent be in if the only deterrent to comitting crimes in his gang that he considers is a legal sentence that he might receieve?
A
Obedience and punishment: individual motivated to comply with social order solely by a punishment that he might expect for non compliance
2
Q
False consciousness example-workers in a factory being told by managers if they work harder they could get a promotion, so they see their managers as allies
A
False consciousness example-workers in a factory being told by managers if they work harder they could get a promotion, so they see their managers as allies
3
Q
Indian caste system is an extreme example of an ascribed status-these are conferred by society, often irrespective of the efforts or actions of the individual. Achieved statuses are earned based on merits and actions
A
Indian caste system is an extreme example of an ascribed status-these are conferred by society, often irrespective of the efforts or actions of the individual. Achieved statuses are earned based on merits and actions
4
Q
Operant conditioning is a form of learning where the individual learns based on the outcomes or responses to the behaviors. For example, +/- reinforcement/punishment
A
Operant conditioning is a form of learning where the individual learns based on the outcomes or responses to the behaviors. For example, +/- reinforcement/punishment
5
Q
A mediating variable explains the difference between two other variables. A confounding variable is related to both the dependent and independent variable, but it is not typically of interest to the researcher
A
A mediating variable explains the difference between two other variables. A confounding variable is related to both the dependent and independent variable, but it is not typically of interest to the researcher
6
Q
Cross’s Nigrescence model: the pre-encounter stage for African-Americans is viewing the majority of caucasion culture as being more desirable and seeing a white doctor as being more skilled.
A
Cross’s Nigrescence model: the pre-encounter stage for African-Americans is viewing the majority of caucasion culture as being more desirable and seeing a white doctor as being more skilled.
7
Q
Read the chart legends.
A
Read the chart legends.
8
Q
A drive reduction and cognitive theorist would argue that depression is most strongly correlated with a deficiency in which component of fulfillment?
A
Drive reduction theorists suggest depression rises from reduction in the motivating forces of arousal. Cognitive theory aruges that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors.
9
Q
Abnormal functioning of which brain region results in depression?
A
The frontal lobe is involved in projecting future actions or consequences. Limbic system regulates emotion and memory. Hypothalamus coordinates hormones.
10
Q
Which of the following Gestalt principles applies to the situation? *A child looks at a picture that is made up of a bunch of disconnected dots shaped like the outline of a smiley face, and the child perceives it as a smiley face.
A
Law of closure would be taking an incomplete figure and perceiving it as a whole. Law of similarity says that we perceive similar objects as being grouped together.
11
Q
Attrition bias is when subbjects drop out of a long term study or experiment. Reconstructive bias is when our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when remembering times of high stress.
A
Attrition bias is when subbjects drop out of a long term study or experiment. Reconstructive bias is when our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when remembering times of high stress.
12
Q
What type of stress do medical students feel when confronted with unethical behavior because they believe that reporting it will have serious negative repercussions?
A
Distress is when you perceive a situation to be threatening in some way and your body becomes primed to respond to that threat. Eustress is positive stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but also motivating. Neustress is neutral stress that happens when you experience something stressful, but it does not directly affect you.
13
Q
Deindividuation: a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldnt normally act if they were alone
A
Deindividuation: a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldnt normally act if they were alone
14
Q
What type of social influence do med school students experience when they engage in behavior they privately feel is unacceptable, but that is considered normative?
A
Conformity: a person privately disagrees with a behavior but publicly goes along with the behavior of the normative social group.
15
Q
Which is not a core component of emotion?
A
Core components of emotion: subjective experiences, physiological arousal, expressive displays.
16
Q
Which of the following is a conclusion of the study?
A
Be careful with answers that say the experiment can “treat” the condition…usually too extreme.
17
Q
Schachter Singer theory of emotion is 3 distinct steps: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the experience, and experience of emotion.
A
Schachter Singer theory of emotion is 3 distinct steps: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation of the experience, and experience of emotion.
18
Q
Casino slot machines use a variable ratio schedule, which produces the highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction
A
Casino slot machines use a variable ratio schedule, which produces the highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction
19
Q
What is a possible explanation for the results of the study?
A
Passage analyis
20
Q
When a subject views the word “red” written in green ink, it takes longer to recognize the word than if it was “red” written in red ink. What is this effect?
A
The Stroop effect is a phenomenom in which it is harder for a person to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information. (Harder to say the word yellow when the actual letters are not yellow)
21
Q
Which concept is most useful in explaining the results of the relationship between race and social class in the study?
A
Socialization is how individuals’ attitudes are shaped by social factors
22
Q
Which of the following represents an inherent limitation in the study?
A
A survey study is subject to subjective bias, because it is self reported information. I put there was a lack of control groups, but it was just a study and not meant to be an experiment
23
Q
Independent variables are ones that researchers control. Do not confuse with a feature of the experiment.
A
Independent variables are ones that researchers control. Do not confuse with a feature of the experiment.
24
Q
Professors use shorter sentences with more instructions, and ask questions to reveal lack of academic skill more often in minorities. They are demonstrating?
A
Discrimination is a behavior, while stereotyping is a cognitive action
25
Semantic memory is the type of memory used to recite facts on an exam
Semantic memory is the type of memory used to recite facts on an exam
26
Intrinsic motivation is meant to boost inner motivation to succeed and learn. Extrinsic motivation is motivation to do something based on external reward.
Intrinsic motivation is meant to boost inner motivation to succeed and learn. Extrinsic motivation is motivation to do something based on external reward.
27
Through what form of social influence are new ideas spread?
New ideas are automatically considered a minority, so they can be spread through the influence of the minority on others accepting the view.
28
An approach-avoidant conflict is a situation where there is one option with both appealing and unappealing characteristics. A double is where there are two options. Approach = appealing, avoidant = unappealing about a decision.
An approach-avoidant conflict is a situation where there is one option with both appealing and unappealing characteristics. A double is where there are two options. Approach = appealing, avoidant = unappealing about a decision.
29
In what ways did the study differ from the Asch experiment?
Ash experiment tried to get a majority group to influence a person to conform. They used confederates, but they did not provide explanations for their viewpoints.
30
Attribution theory is when a person attempts to interpret actions by assigning causes to them. Fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another's actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.
Attribution theory is when a person attempts to interpret actions by assigning causes to them. Fundamental attribution error is when an individual interprets another's actions incorrectly by overemphasizing internal characteristics instead of external events.
31
If the study included both 8 year olds and 4 year olds instead of just 4 year olds, what would likely be observed?
Parallel play is when children play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response. It does not involve direct interaction between children. Parallel play is a normal part of behavior in preschool children.
32
The Canon Bard theory of emotion states that physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate from each other. ***Key word: simultaneous.
The Canon Bard theory of emotion states that physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate from each other. ***Key word: simultaneous.
33
Which of the following would correspond to the correct Piaget developmental stage for children that are 6-7 years old?
In piaget's stages, children from ages 2-7 are in the pre-operational stage. They learn to operate symbolically and engage in symbolic play.
34
A test can have high reliability, or consistency, but low validity, or accuracy. Students may take a test that gives consistent scores over time, but if it does not reflect their actual abilities it has high reliability and low validity.
A test can have high reliability, or consistency, but low validity, or accuracy. Students may take a test that gives consistent scores over time, but if it does not reflect their actual abilities it has high reliability and low validity.
35
What type of cultural norm is involved in health behavior?
Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society and have consequences if violated. Folkwards are norms that govern everyday behavior, like holding the door open for other people. Taboos are considered unacceptable by almost any culture.
36
Which of the following biases is most relevant to a study about ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
In a study, participants may try to respond in a way that minimizes ethnocentrism and promotes cultural relativism, because that would be the socially acceptable response.
37
Which was not a finding of the Harlow experiments?
In the Harlow experiment, infant monkeys preferred spending time clinging to the cloth mother. He determined the "contact comfort" was crucial to their development. After monkeys were paired with the wire mother, their abnormal behavior later on could NOT be corrected by pairing them with a cloth mother.
38
Anomie refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.
Anomie refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.
39
Negativity bias refers to the bias when negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects. The self serving bias is interpreting good experiences with substances as due to positive personallity traits, while interpreting negative experiences as results of external factors
Negativity bias refers to the bias when negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects. The self serving bias is interpreting good experiences with substances as due to positive personallity traits, while interpreting negative experiences as results of external factors
40
The prefontal cortexes of adolescents are still in development. This includes decision making and considering risk.
The prefontal cortexes of adolescents are still in development. This includes decision making and considering risk.
41
Internal validity is the degree to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study, which can include accounting for possible confounding variables. External validity refers to the degree to which the findings of a study are generalizable to the population as a whole. Face validity refers to the extent to which appears to assess what it is intended to assess. Content validity refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant factors of the phenomenom it is intended to investigate.
Internal validity is the degree to which causal conclusions can be drawn from a study, which can include accounting for possible confounding variables. External validity refers to the degree to which the findings of a study are generalizable to the population as a whole. Face validity refers to the extent to which appears to assess what it is intended to assess. Content validity refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant factors of the phenomenom it is intended to investigate.
42
Functional MRI is able to assess operation of brain regions. Structural MRI does not show the function of different brain regions.
Functional MRI is able to assess operation of brain regions. Structural MRI does not show the function of different brain regions.
43
In operant conditioning, thinning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
In operant conditioning, thinning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
44
Females tend to benefit positively from maturing later, because the feel less self conscious about their image. Males feel more self conscious if they develop later
Females tend to benefit positively from maturing later, because the feel less self conscious about their image. Males feel more self conscious if they develop later
45
Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role. Role conflict involves 2 roles coming into conflict with each other, like between having a job and school
Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role. Role conflict involves 2 roles coming into conflict with each other, like between having a job and school
46
Hard question.
Hard question.
47
Which of the following is an example of how altruism can improve inclusive fitness?
An animal can exhibit altruism to improve inclusive fitness by alerting its offspring that a predator is nearby. This puts that animal at risk, but ensures its genes survive through its offspring.
48
Ego integrity vs. despair is a conflict that emerges at maturity (age 65) and is reflecting on their life.
Ego integrity vs. despair is a conflict that emerges at maturity (age 65) and is reflecting on their life.
49
Primary aging refers to aging related to biological factors and the physical body, like molecular changes. Secondary aging refers to aging related to behavioral factors like diet and exercise.
Primary aging refers to aging related to biological factors and the physical body, like molecular changes. Secondary aging refers to aging related to behavioral factors like diet and exercise.
50
You cannot identify the most ideal method between 2 studies if they are not compared to each other.
You cannot identify the most ideal method between 2 studies if they are not compared to each other.
51
Within-subjects design controls for individual variations in a measurement by comparing scores of a subject in one category to the score of the same subject in different conditions. Each subject serves as their own control.
Within-subjects design controls for individual variations in a measurement by comparing scores of a subject in one category to the score of the same subject in different conditions. Each subject serves as their own control.
52
General adaptation syndrome describes the body's short term and long term reactions to stress
General adaptation syndrome describes the body's short term and long term reactions to stress
53
The house money effect is that after a prior gain, people are more open to assuming new risk since the money is not treated as one's own. The gambler's fallacy is that is something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future
The house money effect is that after a prior gain, people are more open to assuming new risk since the money is not treated as one's own. The gambler's fallacy is that is something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future
54
Conflict theory states that individuals compete with each other in society over limited resources.
Conflict theory states that individuals compete with each other in society over limited resources.
55
An individual who scores highly on a measure of positive feelings towards the culture to which he immigrated and low on a measure of positive feelings towards his native culture would likely be employing what strategy of acculturation?
Assimilation is a strategy in which the individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture. Separation is rejecting the new culture and maintaining the old culture. Marginalization is rejecting both culture. Integration involves identifying with both cultures.
56
The ID is unconscious and includes basic human instinctual drives. The ego deals with the id's impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. The superego forms the organized part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious.
The ID is unconscious and includes basic human instinctual drives. The ego deals with the id's impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. The superego forms the organized part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious.
57
The parietal lobe integrates multiple levels of sensory including spatial sense, navigation, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
The parietal lobe integrates multiple levels of sensory including spatial sense, navigation, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
58
Soical cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone else rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too.
Soical cognitive theory asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone else rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too.
59
Sound travels from cochlea in the ear to the organ of Corti, which translates physical vibrations to electrical signals. Then they travel through the auditory nerve to the brain stem, eventually reaching the medial geniculate nucleus. Information is processed in the auditory cortex
Sound travels from cochlea in the ear to the organ of Corti, which translates physical vibrations to electrical signals. Then they travel through the auditory nerve to the brain stem, eventually reaching the medial geniculate nucleus. Information is processed in the auditory cortex
60
Weber's Law applies to stimuli and the proportionality of the just-noticeable-difference perceived by an individual
Weber's Law applies to stimuli and the proportionality of the just-noticeable-difference perceived by an individual
61
Horizontal cells assist the bipolar cells by processing and organizing information. It allows the eye to discern edges of objects and visual contrasts.
Horizontal cells assist the bipolar cells by processing and organizing information. It allows the eye to discern edges of objects and visual contrasts.
62
Parvocellular cells identify shapes and details of stationary objects. Magnocellular cells detect motion without perceiving small or fine details
Parvocellular cells identify shapes and details of stationary objects. Magnocellular cells detect motion without perceiving small or fine details
63
The vestibule plays an essential role in maintaining balance and sensing linear acceleration
The vestibule plays an essential role in maintaining balance and sensing linear acceleration
64
The superior olive, found in the brain stem, is responsible for localizing sound. The inferior colliculus helps coordinate head rotation with visual focus on a specific point
The superior olive, found in the brain stem, is responsible for localizing sound. The inferior colliculus helps coordinate head rotation with visual focus on a specific point
65
After organ of corti detecs physical vibrations, electrical signals are delivered to the inferior colliculus in the brain. Then it reaches the medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus). It then goes to the auditory cortex for final processing
After organ of corti detecs physical vibrations, electrical signals are delivered to the inferior colliculus in the brain. Then it reaches the medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus). It then goes to the auditory cortex for final processing
66
The thalamus plays a key role in sensation except for smell.
The thalamus plays a key role in sensation except for smell.
67
Meissner's corpuscles transmit sensory impulses associated with light tough
Meissner's corpuscles transmit sensory impulses associated with light tough
68
Principle of good continuation explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate, even when they intersect
Principle of good continuation explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate, even when they intersect
69
Principle of closure states when a space is enclosed by an incomplete line, it will generally be perceived as a closed figure
Principle of closure states when a space is enclosed by an incomplete line, it will generally be perceived as a closed figure
70
Which is a bigger limitation: giving shocks to participants or using a non-clinical population to study a disease?
A limitation to studying OCD is not using people that have OCD but instead just have OCD "traits". This is apparently a bigger limitation than shocking participants.
71
What is the looking glass self theory?
The looking glass self theory states that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. Its how people shape their self concepts based on their understanding of how other people perceive them
72
What is attribution bias?
Attributional bias refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their/others' behaviors. People are prone to perceptual errors that lead to biased interpretations of the real world. Example: police know the welfare schedule and they make harsher judgments based on their perceptions of those people on welfare.
73
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
74
What is self serving bias?
Self serving bias is the tendency to attribute good outcomes with internal factors and bad outcomes to external factors
75
What does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate?
Parasympathetic stimulation increases digestive activity, including increased salivation
76
What is the difference between fundamental attribution error and confirmation bias?
Fundamental attribution is the tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors and underestimate the influence of external events. Example: if a person comes to work late because of traffic, you assume they are lazy. Confirmation bias is selectively finding evidence to support your views.
77
What is the difference between ecological and construct validity? How does validity differ from reliability?
Ecological validity refers to ways the experiment applies to the environment. Example: in the stanford prison experiment, actual prison conditions may be different. Construct validity refers to the ways the measures are constructed. Reliability of a study is the likelihood that the results can be replicated.
78
What is the difference between subjective, objective, and projective personality tests?
Subjective personality tests are when the patient projects their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts on to the assessment stimuli, which yields results that are open for inaccuracy (some doctors may reach different conclusions despite seeing the same results). An objective personality test measures specific characteristics based on a set of discrete options, like the Meyers-Briggs test. Projective tests require the patient to respond, and then their response is assessed for meaning.
79
Explain the difference between paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, and disorganized types of schizophrenia.
Paranoid schizophrenia involves auditory hallucinations or prominent delusional thoughts about persecution or conspiracy. This type often involves normal cognitive functioning. Catatonic schizophrenia involves disturbances in movements. There is a dramatic decrease in activity. They also often mimic what other people say or do. Undifferentiated schizophrenia is when people have symptoms of schizophrenia that are not sufficiently formed or specific enough to permit classification. Disorganized schizophrenia is disorganization of the thought processes. Hallucinations and delusions are less pronounced.
80
What does Weber's Law state about the relationship between intensity of a stimulus and the ability to detect it?
Weber's law states there is a linear relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and an individual's ability to detect it.
81
What is differential association theory?
Differential association theory states that individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who dont commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behavior. A child living in a high crime area being adopted by an affluent family would reduce the likelihood he commits a crime
82
What is self efficacy?
Self efficacy is the belief that one can adequately perform in a particular performance. An external locus of control, saying past failures are due to other factors, would not increase your self efficacy.
83
What is the differene between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia?
Broca's aphasia controls the physical production of speech. They have significant trouble producing words, but they can listen and read normaly. Wernicke's aphasia is loss of speech comprehension. They can speak but their sentences are non sense (word salad).
84
How are arguments processed in the frontal lobes vs the temporal lobes?
An argument that is processed logically is the domain of the frontal lobes, while an argument that is processed emotionally is a temporal lobe function
85
Explain the difference between referent, expert, legitimate, and coercive power.
A person with referent power exerts control by appealing to others' desires to be a part of a group. Its most likely appealed through external factors, like feeling desirable or feeling included, not by knowledge or logic. Expert power is motivating through the use of knowledge of subject matter. Legitimate power is exerted through the power of the legitimacy of their role. Coercive power is exerted through force or threat.
86
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference is the fact that currently existing long-term memories can interfere with the process of forming new memories.
87
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
Make sure to double check that the answer choice is an accurate representation of the data
88
What is confabulation?
Confabulation is making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing those memories to be true.
89
What is a meritocracy? What kind of equality is present in one?
Meritocracy is a society where people progress based on ability and talent rather than privilege or wealth. As a result, everyone must have an equal opportunity to advance
90
What is the difference between post-decisional conflict and induced compliance?
Post decisional conflict is the dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way. Induced compliance is when the person is persuaded to act contrary to their attitudes.
91
What is informational influence? What is normative influence?
Informational influence is an influence to accept info from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about info or what might be correct. Normative influence is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval.
92
What is the difference between a quantitative study and qualitative study?
A quantitative study is one that involves tests or questionnaires to produce numerical scores that can be evaluated statistically. A qualitative study is used to gather in depth info about a specific question, and often uses focus groups or small samples to better understand phenomena.
93
What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?
Explicit attitudes are conscious attitudes. Implicit attitudes are unconscious attitudes
94
What is learned helplessness?
Learned helplessness is when people make many attempts to solve a problem but they are not effective.
95
What is Treisman's attenuation model?
Treisman's attenuation model states that we "turn down" or attenuate the intensity of less important stimuli. Example: a violinist tones down the intensity of a rude audience member talking on the phone.
96
What is the difference between controlled and automatic processing?
Unfamiliar tasks require controlled processing. Famliiar tasks are automatic processing.
97
What is Broadbent's model of selective attention?
Broadbent's model states that distracting or unimportant stimuli are eliminated entirely at a "bottleneck" before reaching higher level thought or memory
98
What is social facilitation?
Social facilitation is simple or familiar tasks can often be better executed in a social environment, but advanced or unfamiliar tasks are better performed in private
99
What is the difference between normative and informational influence?
Normative influence is the pull of being socially accepted, desired, or generally liked. Informational influence is their desire to be accurate or "right" about an idea.
100
What is another name for bystander apathy?
Bystander apathy is the same thing as the bystander effect.
101
What is the difference between anarchy and anomie?
Anomie is a social disorder where individual morals and standards are disconnected from society. It can result in alienation, mismatched guidelines and morals, and commiting suicide. Anarchy is a complete disregard for the law and violations of it
102
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialization?
Primary socialization is when a child initially learns the norms and expected behaviors of their culture. Secondary socialization is learning a subset of values and norms that apply to a specific group within society, like the military or prison.
103
What is altercasting?
Altercasting is projecting an identity on another individual in a way that is congruent with one's own goals. This increases the likelihood that the listener will act to match the projected identity.
104
What is Fisherian selection?
Fisherian selection states if strong enough mating preference for elaborate ornamentation exists, this preference can undermine natural selection even if the feature is non adaptive. Since males of a certain appearance propagate with females who strongly prefer such features, this cycle can continue over many generations and males would become more extreme in appearance (showed this in peacocks)
105
Which strategy will prevail in a species of coyotes: avoider strategy or fighter strategy?
Both strategies have costs and benefits, leading to an equilibrium to form over time.
106
What are indicator traits?
Indicator traits are phenotypic expressions that convey the health, well being, and fitness of an organism to potential mates.
107
What is the difference between normative and utilitarian organizations?
A normative organization is voluntarily joined and exists to perform some moral activity. These include volunteer groups. Utilitarian groups compensate their workers for their efforts.
108
What is kin selection? How does it differ from reciprocal altruism and empathy altruism?
Kin selection is when people help their relatives even when it is costly to them. Reciprocal altruism is helping others with the expectation of getting help from them in the future. Empathy altruism is the idea you are more likely to help others you feel empathy towards.
109
What did Max Weber do? What did Karl Marx do?
Max Weber made symbolic interactionism. He coined the "iron cage" concept, where people feel trapped by institutions and policies around them that fail to provide equality. Karl Marx is associated with conflict theory.
110
What is the functionalist theory?
Functionalist theory is concerned with finding out how existing social structures promote social stability. Typically concerns itself with the interaction of macro-level institutions and social structures rather than individuals' beliefs
111
What is social capital?
Social capital is the value embedded in social networks, such as job connections, ability to call in favors, and ability to rely on others. Higher social capital helps people juggle personal and family responsibilities.
112
If each answer gets crossed out, start over and recheck each answer with the passage
If each answer gets crossed out, start over and recheck each answer with the passage
113
Behaviorists would assert that self defeating behaviors are maintained by immediate reinforcement in the form of what?
People are more likely to undergo self defeating behaviors when they perceive a threat or have low self esteem. They are more susceptible to having anxiety and emotional distress. Self defeating behaviors are often the result of an inability to handle stress, so these self defeating behaviors lead to stress relief which reinforces the behavior.
114
What is general paresis?
General paresis is paralysis of the insane, or paralytic dementia. It is caused by late-stage syphillis and affects the brain
115
What is delerium tremens?
Delerium tremens is an acute episode of delerium that is caused by alcohol withdrawl.
116
What is a cross section study vs. longitudinal?
Cross sectional studies is when people are surveyed at one point in time. Longitudinal studies compares data along different time points.
117
What is an independent samples t-test vs. paired samples t-test?
Indepdent samples t-test compares mean values of two groups. Paired samples t-tests are for when results come from the same participants.
118
What is linear regression?
Linear regression is used to predict scores from independent variables.
119
What is a Pearson correlation coefficient?
It compares the association between 2 variables
120
What is Piaget's Sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years. Object permanence, exploration of the surrounding world and separation anxiety.
121
What is Piaget's Preoperational stage?
2-7 years. Symbolic thinking and egocentrism
122
What is Piaget's Concrete operational stage?
7-11 years. Understanding of conservation, concrete and mathematical thinking
123
What is Piaget's Formal operational stage?
12+ years. Abstract thought, hypothetical thinking
124
What stage of sleep is bedwetting likely to occur? What waves are associated with this stage?
Stage 4. It is called Delta sleep for the Delta waves emitted. This is deep sleep that lasts about 30 minutes. Sleepwalking and night terrors also occur at this stage.
125
What is self reporting bias?
Self reporting bias is when participants fill out a survey or questionnaire that can interfere with later behaviors or actions
126
Be careful concluding that a certain result cannot be determined
Be careful concluding that a certain result cannot be determined
127
What is a moderating variable vs. an interaction variable?
A moderating variable is one which changes the relationship between 2 variables. Interaction variables have effects that, when combined with the effects of other variables, are not additive. Example-two variables may impact the dependent variable much more when presented together than if each of the variable's effects were added alone.
128
A research subject is shown the following list of the following words: wing, engine, tail, and window. When later presented with and asked to recall whether the presented word was on the original list, the participant identifies "runway" as having been on the list. This is an example of: The context effect or a false alarm?
This is a false alarm, when a participant incorrectly responds positively when the simulus was not present. The context effect is increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment as the one in which the original learning took place.
129
What is sexual dimorphism?
Sexual dimorphism is the degree to which males and females of a species resemble each other. Low dimorphism means they look almsot identical, while high dimorphism means there is intense competition for mates.
130
What are stimulus motives?
Stimulus motives are motives that are unlearned but cause an increase in stimulation
131
What is the difference between informative and normative pressure?
Informative pressure is when an individual conforms their behavior to the rest of the group's beliefs. Normative pressure is when the individual knows that the other people's opinions are incorrect, but still feels pressured to conform to the group.
132
To establish a causal relationship in two variables now, it may be helpful to find data that says there were low levels of perceived helpfulness to the strategy, when the current data shows the use of that strategy has decreased in frequency (show that a previous low efficacy caused it to be low now due to causality)
To establish a causal relationship in two variables now, it may be helpful to find data that says there were low levels of perceived helpfulness to the strategy, when the current data shows the use of that strategy has decreased in frequency (show that a previous low efficacy caused it to be low now due to causality)
133
What cultural factor could explain a greater use of emotion-focused coping strategies to manage reactions to events: demographic homogeneity, Demographic heterogeneity, strong religiosity, endorsement of traditional views on gender roles?
Strong religiosity is associated with more acceptance and greater use of emotion-focused strategies to manage reactions
134
What is the occipital lobe responsible for? What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Occipital does visual processing. Frontal does executive function, motivation, and attention.
135
What is involved in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
It is a pyramid. The bottom is physiological needs. Going upwards: safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self actualization: achieving one's full potential.
136
A doctor would not view his fellow physicians as members of his: primary group, reference group, in group, or peer group?
In group, because this is people that have close, enduring relationships with the physician like family or childhood friends.
137
What is a phenomenological research?
A phenomenological research study focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives, and understanding of a particular situation or event. It is done by collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.
138
What is the difference between gender identity and gender schema?
Gender identity is the personal experience of one's own gender. Gender schema is a cognitive theory of how individuals acquire and understand elements of gender and sex-linked characteristics from their surrounding culture and how they are transmitted inter-generationally.
139
What is the difference between self schemata and self concept?
Self concept is the collection of beliefs about oneself. It includes self schemata, but self schemata also includes conceptions about one's past, present, and future selves.
140
What is the difference between a dichotomous variable, an ordinal variable, and a continuous variable?
Dichotomous variables are variables that only have 2 categories, like yes and no. Continuous variables have an infinite number of categories, like how many hours do you work per week. Ordinal variables can be ranked to allow for comparisons, like what is the highest level of education you received.
141
What are the stages of depression?
Also called the transtheoretical model of change. Precontemplation -> contemplation -> preparation -> action -> maintenance.
142
Make sure to read answer choices carefully and look for key differences, like classical vs. operant conditioning
Make sure to read answer choices carefully and look for key differences, like classical vs. operant conditioning
143
What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?
A continuous reinforcement schedule is giving one reward per response.
144
A medical student known for suggesting extreme diagnoses joins a team of students with similar personalities. What will happen when the student is approached with a new patient to diagnose?
Their thinking will become more extreme when a part of this group due to group polarization.
145
For questions asking a study's limitations, make sure to choose answers that directly relate to some aspect of the study. Some of the answers will make more sense, but choose the answer that is most relevant
For questions asking a study's limitations, make sure to choose answers that directly relate to some aspect of the study. Some of the answers will make more sense, but choose the answer that is most relevant
146
Do not overthink questions that ask for a SIMPLE analysis of data
Do not overthink questions that ask for a SIMPLE analysis of data
147
What is the difference between conformity and compliance?
Compliance is going along with an explicit request, whether you agree with it or not. Conformity is a change in a person's attitudes or behavior in response to pressure from others in group. Compliance is an action
148
What is social proof?
Social proof is a phenomenom where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. Doing what you think someone else would do, like peers, is conforming to normative social influences. For informational influence, people are more likely to listen to the experts, or people they think know what they are doing
149
A study had nurses, doctors, and students all try and identify charting errors and measure the likelihood they were to report the errors. What would be confounding variables?
Think about what is different between each group and what factors could change the way the results are interpreted. Position in the medical hierarchy and type of medical error assessed could both confound variables.
150
What is the elaboration likelihood model?
It describes the ways in which persuasive information may be processed. There are two routes. Central route persuasion results from a person's careful consideration of the merits of persuasive information. Peripheral route persuasion results from a person's association with positive or negative cues, such as the attractiveness of the message source and its presentation.
151
What aspect of groupthink would most strongly influence a shopper on Black Friday that decides to act uncharacteristically and unapologetically violent, and then justify it when confronted?
Belief in inherent morality. We are not given much evidence for motivation for deviant behavior or excessive risk taking because they feel optimistic.
152
What is expectancy theory? Compare to self fulfilling prophecy
Expectancy theory proposes that people make conscious choices to maximize pleasurable outcomes and minimize unpleasant outcomes. Self fulfilling prophecy is a person behaving a certain way because they believe they are supposed to behave that way.
153
What are the stages of demographic transition?
Stage 1: a society is pre-industrial and has high fertility and mortality rates. Stage 2: significant improvements in healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, and wages. Mortality rate drops and fertility remains high. Rapid expansion. Stage 3: decrease in fertility rate from move to industrial economy. Kids need to be supported by parents longer and have to go to school. Stage 4: society is fully industrialized, both fertility rates and mortality rates are low.
154
If a tendency emerges in the future where employers prefer hiring younger employees over older ones in the labor market, would it be an example of discrimination or stigma?
It is discrimination since it involves specific actions with a differential impact based on group membership. Stigma, prejudice, and stereotyping all involve attitudes, not actions
155
What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty?
Absolute poverty is those living in poverty are unable to satisfy basic needs for survival. Relative poverty is a level of poverty relative to the rest of population or social group (an income cutoff). Measuring relative poverty smooths out differences in data caused by historical events like recessions and disasters. It is also more likely to correspond to the fundamental needs of families. But it is not easier to measure.
156
An individual experiences a physiological response when asked to speak about being a victim, and then perceives the response. What theory of emotion is it?
James Lange theory states there is a physiological sensation and then interpreting it as an emotion. BE CAREFUL: Schachter Singer also has physiological sensation first, but also has a cognitive interpretation in there
157
What types of people are included in the category of white american?
American individuals from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Asian american is Americans from China, India, and Philippines.
158
What is the difference between emigrate and immigrate?
Emigrate is to leave one's own country to settle in another permanently. Immigrate is to come to another country to live permanently
159
How would a conflict theorist view the examination of sexual orientation?
They would consider marginalized groups and tensions
160
What happens in stage 2 of demographic transition?
Decrease in mortality rate
161
What is Hispanic/Latino recognized as? Race or ethnicity?
Ethnicity
162
What is activity theory?
Activity theory states that elderly people desire to remain involved in activities just as much as younger people, but the meaning and focus of the activities will change
163
What is the state dependency effect?
The phenomenom in which memory retreival is most efficient when the person is in the same state of consciousness they were in when they learned it
164
What is the spreading activation theory?
When a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. People will retrieve unpresented members of a category when their memory is tested.
165
What structure of the eye is in direct contact with the eyelid?
Cornea
166
A researcher puts drops of lemon juice on a participant's tongue and measures their level of salivation. As more trials are conducted, salivation decreases. They then switch to lime juice. What are they studying?
Habituation, which is reduced responding to the stimulus, and dishabituation, which results from changing the stimulus.
167
What is Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
People respond to various stressors in a similar way.
168
A person is tasked with tapping their finger simultaneously with a metronome. What nervous system structure is likely involved?
The cerebellum plays a role in coordinated motor tasks.
169
What is gentrification?
The reinvestment of lower income neighborhoods in urban areas (renovating poor neighborhoods into a more middle class area), which is a result from the influx of more affluent groups. This causes an increase in neighborhood stratification and displacement of lower income residents. There is usually a decrease in affordable housing as a result.
170
At what age does Erikson's theory of psychosical development stage "generativity vs. stagnation" occur?
It occurs in mid adulthood
171
What is the idea that the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers?
This is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, or linguistic relativity. In other words, it is a hypothesis that structure of a language affects the speakers' world views or cognition
172
What are the benefits of social support?
Social support is network ties (family, friends, other relationships) that provide an individual with assistance, which is associated with improving health or reducing harm. The benefits of this includes relationships, NOT activities.
173
What is the working memory capacity? (i.e., number of items that can be storred in working memory)
George Miller estimated that working memory includes bewteen 5 and 9 items, or 7 + 2 items
174
What are subjective measures of motivation?
These would be anything that express the participants' personal opinions or degree to which they like something (an indirect measure). Objective measures are more direct and provide a direct measure of motivation. For this question, the subjective measure was their answers on an exit questionnaire where they say how much they liked a video game, whereas the objective measures were their decisions to keep playing or the amount of time they spent playing.
175
A patient is tasked with playing a computer game that requires them to watch rows of squares light up in a certain order, and then reproduce that order. What type of memory is activated before working memory?
Sensory memory is activated first, because the squares lighting up would register with visual sensors.
176
Make sure to understand which independent variable was the one that likely caused the study's results.
Make sure to understand which independent variable was the one that likely caused the study's results.
177
What type methodological approach would be most appropriate to gain insight into how a social movement organization presents its beliefs to the public?
Analyzing content from an organization's website. Look for methods they are using to analyze how the public learns more about what they believe.
178
An immigrant starts to reject his family's ethnic customs and begins to identify as an American teen by acting in ways associated with American culture. Americans are what type of group for him?
Americans are the reference group, because the teen is emulating the attitudes and behaviors of a group he wants to join.
179
What type of memory is being used to remember how to ride a bike?
Procedural memory, which is the memory for the performance of particular types of action.
180
Cultural liaisons work closely with physicians and they advocate for patients. What type of phenomenom occurs through this role?
Since there is tension between different responsibilities within the same occupational role, it is role strain. If they had multiple roles, it is role conflict.
181
Compare dyads and triads
Dyads are two person groups, which are less stable but more intimate. This is because either party can break the single social tie. Triads are three person groups, which are more stable but less intimate. The additional social ties from another person make it more stable.
182
Compare quantitative and qualitative research methods.
Quantitative methods is statistical analysis that quantifies the problem by generating numerical data that can be transformed into statistics. Qualitative methods is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, motivations, and opinions. It gives insights into the problems or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative methods. It uncovers trends in thought and opinions to dive deeper into the problem.
183
What are ethnographic research methods?
This is the systematic observation of a complete social envirnoment.
184
What is a proximal stimulus?
It is generally defined as the pattern of energy impinging on the observor's sensory receptors, such as the pattern of light falling on the retina. The distal stimulus is the object that provides information for the proximal stimulus, like the sun that gives off the light
185
What is the law of proximity?
It says that we are more likely to group together things that closer together, or more proximate to each other
186
What is psychosocial discrimination testing?
It directly assesses our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties, like analyzing how we view illusions and misinterpret them
187
What are context effects?
Describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. For example, illusions sometimes have two equal circles and one has bigger circles surrounding it than the other, so we perceive that the circle surrounded with bigger circles is actually larger due to the context effects of the surroundings
188
What is cognitive appraisal?
Cognitive appraisal of stress includes 2 steps: primary and secondary appraisal. Primary appraisal is when the person analyzes the stressor along with the environment to see if it represents a threat. Secondary appraisal is when a threat has been detected and the person decides if they can reasonably cope with the situation.
189
How is cortisol released?
The hypothalamus secretes Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which promotes cortisol release from the adrenal gland.
190
What is social control?
The ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms
191
What are the stages of sleep?
Alpha waves are detected when an individual is awake, but fatigued and less alert. Stage 1 sleep is theta waves. Stage 2 is theta waves but with K complexes and spindles. Stage 3 has delta waves and Stage 4 does also, along with digestion, slowed heart rate, and growth hormone release. The final stage is REM, which has brain waves, respiration, and heart rate that are very similar to what it looks like when awake. Dreaming occurs here. The brain waves are most similar to beta waves, which is what a person has when they are awake and fully alert
192
What is an individualistic society?
One that values independence and self reliance
193
What is a moderating variable?
One that affects the intensity of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. Example: the relationship between female employment and fertility was especially stronger in demographic areas where there were higher numbers of family planning centers. The family planning centers are a moderating variable because they increase the relationship.
194
Make sure the answer chosen is significant compared to other choices
Make sure the answer chosen is significant compared to other choices
195
Understand who the experiment applies to: are they measuring something across an entire population?
Understand who the experiment applies to: are they measuring something across an entire population?
196
Can cross sectional studies show causality?
No they cant
197
How do you increase behavior for kids that are already intrinsically motivated?
Intrinsic motivation is undermined when rewards are introduced, so it is thought that they should not be rewarded for something they already enjoy
198
Where is dopamine produced?
The ventral tegmental area
199
What neurotransmitter is responsible for appetite and satiation signaling?
Serotonin
200
What causes Parkinson's disease?
Dysfunctional or reduced dopamine signaling
201
How long do major depressive episodes last?
Major depressive episodes last 2 weeks at least
202
What would light therapy help regulate?
Melatonin levels
203
What neurotransmitter is involved with depression?
Lack of serotonin transmitted through synapses is a cause of depression
204
What is rational choice theory?
It involves understanding and modeling social and economic behavior. Usually involves the monetary cost. This question was "killing people with disabilities to reduce the cost to the state"
205
Who was Gordon Allport?
Established trait theories describing cardinal, central, and secondary traits that contribute to a person's personality
206
What neurotransmitter is involved in schizophrenia and Parkinson's?
Parkinson's is when there is a deficiency of dopamine, and schizophrenia is hypersensitivity to dopaminergic receptors in the brain
207
What part of the brain is involved in coordinating the smoothness of movement?
The basal ganglia. This is impaired in Huntington's, which involves impairment in the smoothness of movement
208
What part of the endocrine system is involved in arousal, aggression, and sexual behavior?
The hypothalamus. The "4 f's" include fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fornication. The thalamus functions as a relay station for sensory signals
209
What happens during neurulation?
It occurs 3-4 weeks after fertilization. It marks development of the nervous system. The notochord is furrowing out of the ectoderm to produce the neural groove.
210
What are the major subdivisions of the embryonic brain?
Prosencephalon = forebrain, Mesencephalon = midbrain, Rhombencephalon = hindbrain
211
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference is the interference of information from long term memory with new information
212
When does confirmation bias come into play?
It is a bias involved with the interpretation and search for evidence. It is also stronger in emotionally charged situations. It would not apply in a social interaction
213
What is an organizational change?
An organization is a group with identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose. Look for changes involved in an actual organization, not something that is broad
214
What is Gardner's idea of 8 intelligences?
It suggests people have different types of intelligences. Example-some people with aspergers have difficulty understanding emotions and mental states of others, but have normal language and cognitive skills
215
What stage of Kohlberg's moral development are pre-adolescents in?
The pre-conventional stage, which involves morality determined by what is rewarded and punished.
216
What is the World Systems Theory?
Global inequalities are characterized by periphery nations that are less economically developed with weak government and institutions and core nations that are more economically developed with strong government and institutions
217
What did Mead conclude about the self?
The "I" is the spontaneous and autonomous portion of the self. The "me" is the part formed in interaction with others and the general social environment
218
What happens in the brain's left hemisphere?
This is where linguistic abilities are localized. Remember, each hemisphere gathers info from the opposite visual field, so the left hemisphere receives the right visual field
219
What is the fovea?
This is the region in the eye where most of the cones are concentrated.
220
Excluding 10% of samples from a study is significant enough to be a limitation
Excluding 10% of samples from a study is significant enough to be a limitation
221
What is social constructionism?
The idea that things are the products of groups/individuals rather than natural processes. It argues that concepts are social creations
222
What area of the eye has the most rods?
The periphery of the retina. This is why looking at objects through your peripheral vision in the dark helps you distinguish the object better. Remember, it is better for your brain to receive two images which happens when you look directly at an object. Looking to the side of an object creates 2 different images that do not aid clarity
223
How does social functionalism explain behaviors?
Behavior is explained in terms of the effect that the behavior has. Example-an autistic child may clap their hands repeatedly to help them focus on one stimulus at a time instead of being overwhelmed by multiple stimuli
224
What is discrimination in stimuli?
Being able to tell apart differing stimuli, such as learning different facial expressions
225
What is social stratification?
It is social differentiation whereby society groups people into socioeconomic strata. This includes social reproduction, people preferring to remain in the same social groups with people their age, and social separation between gender groups
226
What neurotransmitter is used in the mesolimbic pathway?
The mesolimbic pathway is the brain's reward center and is a dopaminergic pathway
227
What is the difference between social constructs and mores?
Social constructs are agreed upon understandings of societal phenomena, like money and the justice system. Mores are social norms that imply serious consequences if broken
228
What is labeling theory?
It says that a label given to someone "sticks" with them and the individual adopts or continues the stigmatized behavior
229
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 errors?
Type one errors are a false positive and type two errors are a false negative
230
What is test-retest reliability?
The correlation between tests administered to the same individuals at two points in time. Apparently a correlation of 0.7 is good...
231
What is emigration?
People leaving a country for another country
232
What is an ethnic enclave?
The formation of areas or neighborhoods with a high concentration of people from one distinct culture or ethnicity
233
What are mirror neurons?
Cells in the brain that fire the same way when a person performs an action and when they witness that same action
234
What are the components of observational learning?
Attention to behavior, memory of behavior, ability to behave similarly, and motivation to behave similarly
235
What is the central tendency bias? What is acquiescence bias?
Central tendency bias is the tendency to avoid extreme answers and gravitate towards the mean. Acquiescence bias is when the participant knows what the researcher is interested in and selects responses to please them
236
What is an ecological model? What is a stress diathesis model?
An ecological model focuses on the environment of the subjects, like examining how parental abuse affected children development. It involves microsystem, macrosystem, and ontological (study of the nature of being) factors. Stress diathesis model explains that underlying stress, when exacerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning.
237
What is authoritarian parenting?
Harsh parenting with little explanation of expectations. Authoritative parenting is optimal, being both demanding and responsive. They impose boundaries and expectations but also give explanations
238
What is a Cochrane review? What is a repertory grid test? What is a power analysis?
Cochrane reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in healthcare and health policy, and it is currently the highest standard in evidence based healthcare. It looks at interventions for treatment, prevention, and rehab. Repertory grid test is a measure of personality that is designed to reveal the respondent's way of construing the world according to personal construct theory. Power analysis is a statistical calculation performed before a study to determine the minimal sample size needed
239
What is globalization?
Process of forming social, cultural, and economic links across distant regions of the globe (immigration is part of it).
240
What is the pathway of cortisol?
Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing horomone, anterior pituitary releases ACTH, adrenal cortex releases cortisol. Remember, the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone and cortisol, and the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
241
What are the stages to general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
242
What are the types of kin?
Primary kin is immediate family. Secondary kin are the immediate kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (a husband's mother and law). Tertiary kin is the secondary kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (son of your wife's brother)
243
What is primary vs secondary deviance?
Primary deviance is deviance from a norm that is considered acceptable by society. Secondary deviance is not acceptable and often results in that person being excluded from the group
244
What are symptoms of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?
Both have delusions and anhedonia
245
What is Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment?
Children were grouped into different camps and manipulated to have negative attitudes towards each other. After given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably
246
What is social cognitive theory?
People learn behavior by observing others
247
What is the expectancy effect?
Occurs when participants behave in a way that they believe is expected in a study, based on the observation of others. Remember, the Hawthorne effect just describes the idea that individuals are affected when observed by others. The actor observor bias is when you say other people littering makes them bad people, but when you litter its because there is not trashcan near you.
248
An individual, whose dad was a doctor, works as a laborer. What is this an example of?
Downward intergenerational mobility. Horizontal mobility is within the same class and Intragenerational is within one generation.
249
What is false consciousness?
A belief by individuals that doesnt reflect the reality of the system
250
What is characteristic of the caste system?
Horizontal mobility is possible, but it is a closed system so people cant change classes
251
What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
Oral (birth-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-puberty), and genital (puberty-death). Fixation on: anal phase leads to obsessively organized and neat, genital phase leads to sexual dysfunctions, and latency leads to unfulfillment with sexual experiences
252
What are the types of assimilation?
Assimilation is adapting to the new society's customs, integration is merging old and new customs, and marginalization is when they are not involved in many processes of main stream society
253
What is external validity?
How well the experiment can accurately apply to real world situations. Remember, test-retest reliability refers to consistency of a measure along different points in time
254
What is Seligman's Learned Optimism Theory?
It says that optimistic individuals tend to interpret negative events as external, temporary, and non-global
255
What is opponent-process theory?
It accounts for the destructive motivations behind drug and alcohol addiction. When a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract its effects by using physiological changes. Example-the body will increase arousal in people that drink a lot to counteract the depressant, which is why people are jittery and anxious in withdrawl
256
What is a catecholamine?
These are hormones made by the adrenal gland. It includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
257
What is the difference between central route and peripheral route processing?
Central route is when you decide on issues by analyzing arguments and deciding if they are convincing. Peripheral route is when you form attitudes about a message based on the characteristics surrounding the message
258
What is social identity threat?
Social identity threats are negative evaluations of social groups with which an individual identifies
259
What is the difference between a primary and secondary group?
Primary group members have direct interactions that last a significant period of time. Secondary group members interact superficially and the relationships do not tend to last very long
260
What is belief bias vs. belief perseverance?
Belief bias is a tendency to judge results based on one's held beliefs, rather than logic or academic merit. Belief perseverance is a tendency to hold one's beliefs despite new information that disproves the beliefs
261
What is self discrepancy theory?
3 parts to the self: the ideal self is our personal thoughts about how we should be or wish we were, the ought self is our perceptions about what others want to see in us, and the actual self which is just what we already are
262
What is George Herbert Mead's Theory?
The "I" is the person's creative, independent response to social situations. It is the free will that we used to uniquely respond to a situation. The "me" is our internalized set of societal values and attitudes that we learn are socially acceptable. Its the "socialized" identity. His theory ALSO includes 4 stages of development: imitation, play, game, and the generalized other.
263
What is theory of mind?
The ability of a subject to understand that others have minds and to make inferences about the intentions and actions of others. This would be required for people to participate in observational learning
264
What are primary vs. secondary reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers are things that are directly biological like food, drink, or sex. Secondary reinforcers are things like money or grades in school
265
What are the types of memories? Short term, long term and sensory divisions
Long term memory is divided into declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit). Declarative includes episodic-memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated-and semantic-general knowledge of the world that we have accumulated throughout our lives. Procedural memory is like riding a bike
266
What is agnosia?
Agnosia is an inability to recognize perceptions, objects, and people.
267
What is retroactive interference?
New information is distorting recall of previously held knowledge
268
What is avoidance learning?
Negative reinforcement where an attitude or behavior is learned that causes avoidance of something in the future
269
What is the James Lange theory?
Physiological arousal precedes and leads to emotion. Remember, schachter singer involves the cognitive aspect
270
Explain the difference between moderating and mediating variables
Moderating variables influence the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while mediating variables explain this relationship
271
What part of the eye is involved in color sensation?
Fovea
272
What is the dependency ratio?
Ratio of number of economically dependent members of society to the number of economically productive members of society. Dependent means too young or old to work and the productive is just the working-age population
273
What is a dissociative disorder?
Selectively forgetting distracting elements of one's life
274
Make sure to read the question-if it asks for a specific type of interaction (like interpersonal) there may be better answers but choose the one that has to do with interactions between people
Make sure to read the question-if it asks for a specific type of interaction (like interpersonal) there may be better answers but choose the one that has to do with interactions between people
275
If there are two similar choices, look at which one would be more supportive or more contradicting compared to the other. Pick the more specific one
If there are two similar choices, look at which one would be more supportive or more contradicting compared to the other. Pick the more specific one
276
What is flashbulb memory?
A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid "snapshot" of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard
277
What is reconstructive memory?
The idea that intrusions of false information into episodic memories are regarded as being due to the retreival of both episodic and generic information that is consistent with that event
278
How does emotional arousal affect memory?
It restricts focus of attention on to the central features of an event.
279
What factors are related to measuring SES?
Occupational status, income (and income related things, even sources), and education. Social support was the trap answer but this is more related to social networking
280
What is dichotic listening?
Two different simuli are presented, one to each ear
281
What is the life course perspective?
The life course perspective involves differences in life stages. This question was related to how substance abuse patterns develop in adolescence and how they lead to disorders in adulthood
282
What is the difference between primary group and in group?
Primary group is a group held together by intimate, face to face relationships. This includes peer groups. An in group is a group of people that is small with shared interest or identity
283
What is self verification?
Tendency to seek out information that is consistent with one's own self concept
284
What are conscientiousness and neuroticism?
Conscientiousness includes being careful or vigilant. Its a desire to do a task well and take responsibilities seriously. Neuroticism is moody, anxious, worry, or fear
285
What is symbolic interactionism associated with?
Social practices and rituals
286
What is sensory interaction?
The idea that one sensory modality may influence another. Example-using vision to keep your balance when standing on one foot
