ALEX II

Question 1

why was the economy backwards in 1855?

Answer 1

• serf- based
• internal market demand (no market demand and money was irrelevant)
• no alternative ways to earn money

Question 2

what changed the economy in 1855?

Answer 2

• crimea war (wake up call)
• west ideas spreading
• Russia wanted to be a superpower

Question 3

what were the ideas behind the reform of Emancipation 1861

Answer 3

Releasing the peasants would mean that there would be greater incentives to work, making Russia prosper

Question 4

what were the ideas behind the reform of Local government 1861

Answer 4

Elected councils replaced the rights and obligations of the serf- owning gentry

Question 5

what were the ideas behind the reform of Judiciary 1861

Answer 5

West had introduced a jury

Question 6

what were the ideas behind the reform of Education 1861

Answer 6

Increased need for basic literature and numeracy among peasants

Universities had a freedom to teach whatever they

Question 7

ideas that limited emancipation reform

Answer 7

Nobles would feel betrayed by the govt. As they took away their workers

Question 8

ideas that limited local govt. reform

Answer 8

Power of the zemstvo was limited and the voting procedure favoured the nobility. Provincial governors could override the zemstva’s decision, council was never the ‘people’s assembly’

Question 9

ideas that limited judiciary reform

Answer 9

Judges were appointed by the Tsar
Jury sometimes excused guilty out of sympathy eg. Vera zuzalich

Question 10

ideas that limited Education reform

Answer 10

After 1866 government control was reasserted as Intelligentsia was growing

Question 11

what were the ideas behind the reform of Military 1861

Answer 11

Dmitri Myutin
Reorganisation of the Armed Forces improved efficiency and reduced costs

Conscription became compulsory but the length of service was reduced

better provisioning, medical Care and education were provided

modern weaponry was finally introduced

military training was set up

Question 12

what were the ideas behind the other reforms 1861

Answer 12

between 1858 and 1870 censorship which had extended to all books and newspapers was relaxed

There were attempts to eliminate corruption in the lower levels of the church
Some reform of the condition of the Jews ethnic minorities was initially undertaken

Some economic liberalisation was granted

Question 13

ideas that limited Military reform

Answer 13

richer people often found substitutes to serve for them

the upper class remained largely aristocratic

problems of supply and leadership continued

Question 14

ideas that limited other reforms

Answer 14

After critical writing increased government control was tightened again in the 1870s

Church reform stopped in the reactionary years of the 1870s

Lenient treatment of poles and jews was reversed after the 1863 Polish Rebellion

economic liberalisation remained but it was largely at the peasants expense

Question 15

Group or groups that benefited the most from the Emancipation reform

Answer 15

• Peasants as they would feel more ‘free’
• the govt. As they would have peasants working with more incentive and therefore the state would have more grain to export= superpower

Question 16

Group or groups that benefited the most from the Local government reform

Answer 16

Nobles as they were favoured the most and the Intelligentsia.

Maybe the Mir as they got to decide

Question 17

Group or groups that benefited the most from the Judiciary reforms

Answer 17

• Intelligentsia as they were given a higher role

The community as a whole as their was a FAIRER jury system

Question 18

Group or groups that benefited the most from the education reforms

Answer 18

Peasants as they were becoming the intelligentsia

Question 19

Group or groups that benefited the most from the military reforms

Answer 19

Government= superpower state

Peasants because they would have more experience

Question 20

Group or groups that benefited the most from the other reforms

Answer 20

in the short term this helped the peasants however in the long term it helped the government

Question 21

Group or groups that lost power from the emancipation reform

Answer 21

Peasants as they have to pay 49 years worth of redemption payments, which means that this generation wouldn’t even be free

nobles - they are losing their slaves

Question 22

Group or groups that lost power from the local govt. reforms

Answer 22

Peasants lost the power and it was a deceived sense of ‘freedom’

Question 23

Group or groups that lost power from the judiciary reforms

Answer 23

Govt. because criminals were let off and the jury was lenient

Question 24

Group or groups that lost power from the education reforms

Answer 24

The government as this did get out of hand

Question 25

Group or groups that lost power from the other reforms

Answer 25

In the short term the government