alcohols phenols and ethers

Question 1

how are alcohols prepared from haloalkanes?

Answer 1

haloalkanes form alcohols when heated with aqueous NaOH, KOH, or moist AG2O

Question 2

how is alcohol prepared from alkene? what is the major product?

Answer 2

alcohols may be formed from alkenes in 4 ways; if the alkene is subject to hydration, it undergoes c+ formation and subsequent rearrangement, along with markovnikov addition of OH and H; oxymercuration demercuration using mercuric acetate forms a markovnikov product without c+ formation; hydroboration oxidation using diborane in THF leads to the formation of antimarkovnikov product.

Question 3

how is alcohol prepared from aldehydes and ketones?

Answer 3

1. catalytic reduction
2. Na/ ethanol
3. LiALH4, NaNO2/HCl
4. Grignard reagent

Question 4

why are alcohols not prepared directly from carboxylic acid commercially?

Answer 4

LiAlH4 is expensive; converted to esters first through ROH, followed up hydrogenolysis (H+ in copper chromite)

Question 5

how is phenol prepared from benzenesulphonic acid

Answer 5

benzene at 353k in the presence of oleum forms benzene sulphonic acid; in the presence of NaOH forms sodium benzene sulphonate; fused at 573K to form sodium phenoxide; reacts with dil HCl to form phenol

Question 6

how is phenol prepared from diazonium salt?

Answer 6

aniline in NaNO2 and HCl at 273K undergoes diazotisation to form benzene diazonium chloride; undergoes hydrolysis with dil h2so4 to form phenol