Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, Esters

Question 1

Different methods for producing alcohols

Answer 1

.- distillation
- fermentation
Catalytic hydration

Question 2

What is fermentation

Answer 2

The process by which ethanol is used

Yeast is used as a catalyst

Question 3

What is distillation

Answer 3

The process for separating liquids of separate boiling points. It is used to produce higher concentrations of ethanol. The ethanol can be separated from the water as it has a lower boiling point

Question 4

What are alcohols

Answer 4

Functional group hydroxyl (OH)

And they end in - ol

Question 5

What types of IMFs exist between alcohol molecules

Answer 5

.since the hydroxyl group is very polar , it bonds with other polar molecules. The IMF is hydrogen bonding

The tail of the molecule is non polar so therefore IMFs exist

Question 6

Physical properties of alcohols

Answer 6

.- alcohols are very miscible in water due to the polar hydroxyl group
- larger molecules have more electrons, so stronger LDFs so higher energy to break bonds and higher boiling point

Question 7

Explain why alcohols are effective solvents

Answer 7

• Alcohols are very effective solvents and used in cleaning products
• alcohols can dissolve both polar and non-polar ( they are volatile)

Question 8

Why are they alcohols used as fuels

Answer 8

.alchols are used as fuels because they are highly flammable and burn with a clear flame

Question 9

What are carboxylic acids

Answer 9

Functional group carboxyls (oic acid)

Example is methanoic acid

Question 10

What IMFs exist between carboxylic acid

Answer 10

.- the tail of the molecule is non polar: LDFs exist

- the carboxylic group is polar and the IMF is hydrogen bonding

Question 11

What happens when carboxylic acid reacts with a base

Answer 11

.- carboxylic acids can react with bases in a neutralisation reaction to form water. (Metal oxide, hydroxide, carbonate)
- in a neutralisation reaction salt forms (ethanoic acid- ethanoate ion, propanoic acid- propanoate ion)

Question 12

How are esters formed

Answer 12

An ester is the product between carboxylic acid and an alcohol

• a condensation reaction is the joining of two smaller molecules to form a bigger molecule with the elimination of a smaller molecule
• since the reaction is reversible the yield of esters is not 100%

Question 13

How can esters be produced in the lab

Answer 13

.
- one method of making an ester is to condense an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, however the reaction and percentage yield. The reactions catalyst is sulfuric acid

Catalyst for ester is sulphuric acid

Question 14

What is the hydrolysis of esters

Answer 14

.- the reverse of condensation is hydrolysis
- to separate the products distillation can be used
/ flammable, tests for ester - Isoluble in water

Esters are a condensation of alchols and carboxylic acids

Question 15

What is the alkali/ acid hydrolysis of esters

Answer 15

.esters can be broken down by heating with an acid/alkali since acid hydrolysis is reversible it gives a lower percentage yield than alkali hydrolysis

Question 16

What are esters?

Answer 16

Esters are molecules with the ‘ester link’ functional group
The name depends on the alcohol and carboxylic acid

Ends in oate

Question 17

Uses of esters

Answer 17

Perfumes

Solvents

Question 18

Name a catalyst for an ester

Answer 18

Concentrated sulfuric acid