alcohols

Question 1

primary alcohol

Answer 1

OH group is attached to a carbon with 2 hydrogens bonded

Question 2

secondary alcohol

Answer 2

OH group is attached to a carbon with 1 hydrogen bonded

Question 3

tertiary alcohol

Answer 3

OH group is bonded to a carbon with no hydrogens bonded

Question 4

why do alcohols have a higher boiling point than alkenes with a similar mr

Answer 4

the alcohol will have polar O-H which can hydrogen bod with other alcohols
alkanes can only experience London forces

Question 5

why does water solubility decrease as chain length increases

Answer 5

as the chain length increases the effect of the polar -OH decreases and the insoluble carbon chain becomes more important

Question 6

what conditions are needed for the dehydration of alcohols

Answer 6

heat under reflux

conc sulfuric or phosphoric acid catalyst

Question 7

what two chemicals do you need to use to make an oxidizing agent

Answer 7

potassium dichromate

dilute sulfuric acid

Question 8

define reflux

Answer 8

the continuous boiling and condensing a reaction mixture to prevent the loss of volatile components

Question 9

oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 9

heated gently with acidified potassium dichromate
then distilled
form an aldehyde -CHO
when heated under reflux with excess acidified potassium dichromate forms carboxylic acid
or if aldehyde is exposed to oxidizing agent further then carboxylic acid will be formed

Question 10

oxidation of secondary alcohols

Answer 10

heat under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

form a ketone -CO

Question 11

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

Answer 11

they do not react - can see by the orange solution remaining orange (will go green if primary or secondary)

Question 12

what is the reaction of alcohols with e.g. hydrogen bromide known as

Answer 12

a nucleophilic substitution - an atom or group of atoms is attracted to an electron deficit carbon atom where they donate a pair of electrons forming a covalent bond
an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Question 13

what is the conditions required for a substitution reaction of alcohols

Answer 13

heat under reflux

Question 14

define esterification

Answer 14

a reaction in which a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and water

Question 15

conditions + regents for esterification

Answer 15

conditions - conc sulfuric acid & heat under reflux

reagents - carboxylic acid & alcohol

Question 16

rule for naming esters

Answer 16

first part of the name comes from the alcohol -yl

second part comes from the carboxylic acid -oate