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Chemistry MA > alcohols > Flashcards

alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functional groups of alcohols?

A

-OH

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2
Q

what is -OH connected to and how?

A

it is covalently bonded to a carbon chain

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3
Q

what is the formula of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

(CH3CH2OH)

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4
Q

what is the molecular formula of methanol?

A

CH4O

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5
Q

what is the molecular formula of ethanol?

A

C2H6O

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6
Q

what is the molecular formula of propan-1-ol?

A

C3H8O

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7
Q

what is the molecular formula of butan-1-ol?

A

C4H10O

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8
Q

what is the structural formula for methanol?

A

CH3OH

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9
Q

what is the structural formula for ethanol?

A

CH3CH2OH

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10
Q

what is the structural formula for propan-1-ol?

A

CH3CH2CH2OH

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11
Q

what is the structural formula for butan-1-ol?

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

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12
Q

draw out the displayed formula for the first 4 alcohols. what are their names?

A

check p.288 for reference

methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol

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13
Q

what does each part of the word methanol tell you?

A

meth - number of carbon atoms
an - molecules are saturated (NO DOUBLE CARBON BONDS)
ol - there is an -OH functional group

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14
Q

what does the 1 in propan-1-ol tell you?

A

it tells you where the -OH group is in the carbon chain

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15
Q

what are propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol?

A

structural isomers

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16
Q

what happens when alcohols burn?

A

they from carbon dioxide and water

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17
Q

what is the equation for ethanol burning?

A

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) -> 2CO2(g) + 3H3O(l)

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18
Q

what is ethanol?

A

it is a bioful

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19
Q

what is a biofuel?

A

a fuel that is made from biological sources, such as sugar cane or corn

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20
Q

what happens when an alcohol is left in air?

A

it is oxidised by the air in the presence of microbes (microbial oxidation)

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21
Q

what happens to ethanol when it is left in air?

A

it is oxidised by the help of microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast to form ethanoic acid

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22
Q

what is the formula for ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

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23
Q

name a way in which ethanol can be oxidised? (in a lab)

A

it can be oxidised by heating with potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulfuric acid.
1. the oxidising agent is a mixture of potassium dichromate (VI) and dilute sulfuric acid. it is a strong oxidising agent with the formula K2Cr2O7. the sulfuric acid is important for the potassium dichromate (VI) to act as an oxidising agent
2. a few drops of ethanol are added to a solution containing the orange mixture of potassium dichromate (VI) and dilute H2SO4 in a test tube.
3. heat the tube in A HOT WATER BATH
4. the solution turns green and now contains a very dilute solution of ethanoic acid together with other products.
5. the green colour 9indicated the precense of Cr3+ ions, which are formed when potassium dichromate (VI) is reduced.
the product also smells like vinegar (an acid)

24
Q

what do you need to do to stay safe when oxidising ethanol in a lab?

A
  • wear eye protection
  • add the reaction very slowly to prevent too violent a reaction
  • do not point the mouth of the test tube towards you as the contents may spit out
25
Q

what are the conditions required to oxidising ethanol in a lab?

A

heat under reflux

26
Q

draw a diagram of what oxidising ethanol in a lab might look like?

A

p.290

27
Q

what is the formula for potassium dichromate (VI)

A

K2CrO7

28
Q

what is potassium dichromate (VI) in the reaction when oxidising ethanol in a lab?

A

the oxidising agent. it itself is reduced

29
Q

what is the half equation of what happend to the chromium

A

Cr2O7 (2-) -> Cr (3+)
charge on chromium ion goers from 6+ on the left hand side to 3+ on the right hand side
(don’t ask how idk)

30
Q

what is the colour change that takes place when oxidising ethanol in a lab?

A

it goes from orange to green

31
Q

what is refulx?

A

when you heat something and you stop vapour from escaping

32
Q

write an equation for the oxidation of ethanol into ethanoic acid using displayed formula

A

p 290 or look in book
(structural formula: С2H5OH + 2 [O] -> CH₃COOH + H20. )

33
Q

what is the structual equationfor the oxidation of ethanol into ethanoic acid

A

С2H5OH + 2 [O] -> CH₃COOH + H20

34
Q

in a reaction where butanoic acid has been formed, how would you show it had been formed?

A

use universal indicators. it shows it is acidic. it would turn orange or red

35
Q

what is the equation for fermentation? - symbol

A

C6H12O6 (aq) -> 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

36
Q

what is the equation for hydration of ethene? - symbol

A

H2O (g) + CH2=CH2 (g) -> CH3CH2OH(g)

37
Q

what is the equation for fermentation? - word

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

38
Q

what type of reaction is hydration of ethene?

A

continuous flow (stream of reactants constantly passed over catalyst)

39
Q

what conditions are required for hydration of ethene?

A

300 degrees celcius
60-70 atm (pressure)

40
Q

what is the catalyst for hydration of ethene?

A

phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

41
Q

what are the starting materials in fermentation?

A

they are non-renewable (from crude oil)

42
Q

what type of reaction is hydration of ethene?

A

quick

43
Q

what is the purity of hydration of ethene?

A

very pure ethanol

44
Q

what is the equation for hydration of ethene? - word

A

ethene + steam -> ethanol

45
Q

what type of reaction is fermentation?

A

batch

46
Q

what conditions are required for fermentation?

A

30 degrees celcius
anaerobic conditions

47
Q

what is the catalyst for fermentation?

A

enzymes in yeast

48
Q

what are the starting materials in fermentation?

A

they are renewable (sugar beet or sugar cane)

49
Q

what type of reaction is fermentation?

A

slow - several days per batch

50
Q

what is the purity of fermentation?

A

impure ethanol (less than 15%)

51
Q

what are two types of producing ethanol?

A

fermentation (of sugar), hydration of ethene

52
Q

why can’t more than 15% alcohol be produced in a mixture in fermentation of sugar?

A

the yeast is killed by more than 15% alcohol

53
Q

how can alcohol made by fermentation be separated?

A

it can be purified using fractional distillation (as ethanol (78 degrees) and water (100 degrees) have different boiling points

54
Q

what happens suring the hydration of ethene?

A

ethanol is made by reacting ethene with steam (hydration).
only a small proportion of ethene reacts. the ethanol produced id condensed as a liquid and the unreacted ethene is recycled through the process.

55
Q

pros and cons for fermentation

A

pros:
uses renewable resources
uses gentle temperatures and atmospheric pressure (less energy requires, hence less expensive)
cons:
batch process (inefficient)
slow reaction
produces impure ethanol which needs further processing

56
Q

pros and cons for hydration of ethene?

A

pros:
- continuous flow process (a steam of reactants is constantly passed over the catalyst - more efficient than a batch process
- quick
- produces much purer ethanol
cons:
- uses finite resources
- uses high temp and pressures requiring a high energy output

57
Q
A

Chemistry MA (17 decks)

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